EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION WITHIN GHANA OIL PALM GERMPLASM USING CHEMOMETRIC TECHNIQUES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The Oil Palm Research Institute of Ghana collected 79 dura oil palms from natural groves in seven Ghanaian regions in 2003 with the intention of infusing superior accessions into its breeding stock and retaining those with interesting agronomic traits for posterity, and eighteen (18) agro-morphological traits were studied. To measure the variability within the accessions, the data was subjected to estimates of coefficient of variation. Using R Statistical tools, Principal Component and Cluster Analyses were used to establish the relationship between accessions. Bunch number (28.3), average bunch weight (20.46), fresh fruit bunch (28.43), and single fruit weight (22.37) all had modest coefficients of variance, suggesting that those traits could be enhanced by selection. Five principal components with Eigen values greater than one were found, accounting for 74.82 percent of the total variance. The PC 1 had tributaries in the vegetative, yield, and yield part traits. Eleven accessions had phenotypically diverse phenotypes, and a crossing chart could be started among them to take advantage of their heterosis potential. Cluster analysis revealed two major groups, each of which was further divided into sub-groups, with dissimilarity indexes of 58 percent and 60 percent, respectively. The first cluster contained 49 accessions, while the second contained 30. Six pairs of accessions were found to have similar phenotypes, which may contribute to the formation of dura core collections. Seven high-performing accessions were chosen for their possible infusion into current breeding stocks for five traits of interest in the oil palm industry.

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PERIORBITAL HYPERPIGMENTATION (POH): A REVIEW OF MEDICAL AND PROCEDURAL TREATMENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH) is a widespread and common problem in the world among men and women, young people and the elderly. POH is the product of genetics, anemia, stress, sleep disturbances, aging, dermal deposition of melanin, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation due to atopic or contact dermatitis, some systemic diseases, and inappropriate behaviors. It should be stated that the genetic factor plays the most important role. For the reasons mentioned above, there are different therapies for POH. POH therapy involves removing irritant chemicals, shielding physical or topical treatments from glare, and reducing pigmentation. This study discusses various types of POH, different reasons for this issue, its clinical symptoms, and procedures for diagnosis / treatment.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF Asparagus racemosus MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING UV - VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER AND SEM | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Nanoparticles have attracted a lot of interest and have had a major influence on material science. Because of its technological significance, the dominance of nanoparticles will continue in future years with the implementation of incessant research in this sector. The object of the research was to characterize the A. Using a UV Vis spectrometer, racemosus mediates silver nanoparticles. The source of A. Racemosus was obtained as an extract and prepared. For the reduction of Ag+ ions to silver nanoparticles, this extract was used. For the synthesis of nanoparticles, 1 mM of 90 mL silver nitrate solution was prepared and 10 mL of 100 mg plant extract was added and stored in a shaker. The UV visible spectrometer and the scanning electron microscope were used to examine and classify nanoparticles. The Peak appears to confirm the synthesis of nanoparticles using a UV-vis spectrophotometer at 420 nm and the mean size of the nanoparticles has been found to be 150 nm. When used at sufficient concentrations, silver nanoparticles act as a safe alternative to other antimicrobial agents that are chemically derived. Silver nanoparticles may, therefore, be a better alternative agent for the cleaning and disinfection of food industry equipment and surfaces.

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GROWTH HORMONES ON in vitro PROPAGATION OF MEDICINAL WEED- Scoparia dulcis L. | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An successful method for the conservation of valuable plants has been provided by in vitro propagation. The objective of the investigation was to identify the effect of the various growth regulators on the propagation of Scoparia dulcis L in vitro. Usage of leaves, nodes and internodes as explants in Murashige and Skoog (M.S.) media. The research was conducted in 2017 at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Botany, Patna Science College, Patna. During the research project, M.S. Fortified media with different combinations and concentrations of 2,4-D, IAA, BAP+2,4-D for callogenesis and BAP+IAA, BAP+NAA for shoot induction and individual IBA and NAA for root formation in both solid and liquid media were used. During the analysis, it was found out that callogenesis was best done in leaf explants. The overall average number of shoots was produced from callus at 1.5mg/l BAP+0.5mg/l IAA. The maximum average number of roots was generated at 0.5mg/l NAA in half strength liquid media. The regenerated plantlet survival rate was 85 percent . The investigation will also help to develop an efficient protocol for the protection of the ruderal weed in vitro- Scoparia dulcis L.

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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Acacia catechu SEED EXTRACT- AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An antifungal is an agent that destroys or inhibits the production of microorganisms including Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, etc. Acacia catechu is a deciduous, thorny tree that grows up to 15 m (50 ft) in height, often commonly referred to as Mimosa catechu. Traditionally, Acacia catechu is used for treating many diseases and is widely used for healthcare for mothers and infants. Taxifolin, which has antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant function, is the key constituent of Acacia catechu. The fungal cultures were swabbed on sterile plates which contained Sabouraud dextrose agar. Wells with a diameter of 6 mm were bored into each plate. The wells were packed with differing sample concentrations. For assessment, the plates were incubated at 28 ° C for 72 h. In millimeters, the diameter of inhibition zones formed around the wells was measured. For all the samples, the analysis was carried out in duplicates. The study shows that acacia catechu seed extract is highly successful in demonstrating antifungal activity against the fungal pathogens Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans (a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml showed an inhibition zone of 13.5 mm for Candida albicans and an inhibition zone of 7.5 mm for Aspergillus niger on average). The higher the extract's concentration, the greater the antifungal activity. The above study shows that acacia catechu seeds have a high degree of antifungal activity against pathogens causing diseases and can be used to remove the oral manifestations caused by these species in dentistry.

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ROLE OF MICROFINANCE LOAN OFFICERS IN DEVELOPING ENTREPRENEURS: A CASE STUDY FROM SRI LANKA | Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies

Although the studies primarily investigated the role of microfinance institutions in the creation of entrepreneurs, Microfinance Loan Officers are the real 'connect pins' between the institute and the entrepreneurs (MLOs). While their traditional position in debt collection is allocated to them, MLOs today play multiple roles in the creation of entrepreneurs. In the microfinance literature, however, their position has not been adequately researched, leaving a gap to be addressed. The role of microfinance loan officers in developing entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka is therefore discussed in this paper. This is a qualitative analysis using primary data collected from entrepreneurs who, in terms of portfolio and client base, are the customers of a large MFI in Sri Lanka. Via three focus group conversations with entrepreneurs, data was obtained. Every focus group was made up of 5 entrepreneurs representing the MFI chosen. Thus, from the chosen MFI, the sample size is 15 entrepreneurs and microfinance loan officers are the unit of study. The study found that MLOs play a crucial but multiple role in the growth of entrepreneurs at the various stages of the process of entrepreneurial development: MLOs perform initial on-site consumer surveys, evaluate creditworthiness before disbursing loans, provide credit advice, promote entrepreneurial training and organize a versatile approach to entrepreneurship The study made recommendations on the basis of those results.

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OPTIMIZATION OF WEED SEED DORMANCY BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TREATMENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A very significant ecological role is played by weed dormancy. It prevents the seeds from germinating as soon as possible and from being killed by unfavorable climatic conditions for their development. Dormancy is the outcome of a complex relationship between the genome and the agroclimatic factors encountered during their "reproductive and vegetative phase" by seed-bearing plants. Awareness of the time of emergence and the dynamics of the germination of weed seeds and the factors that affect them gives us an idea of the infestation of these weeds in agricultural areas, which would decrease the use of herbicides without affecting crop yields or the level of weed control. The results of seed germination tests and the emergence of dormancy of the following weeds are described in this paper: Phalaris brachystachys, Avena sterilis, Ridolfia segetum, Centaurea diluta, Cichorium endivia, Lolium rigidumn and Picris echioides, in which four methods were applied to seeds, a chemical treatment with the phytohormone giberelic acid (GA3), mechanica mechanica, in order to encourage germination. The results showed that mechanical and chemical scarification, with an average of 81.42 percent and 75.23 percent respectively, reported the highest germination percentages in our genus, whereas stratification (0 ° and 4 °) gave a low average of 62 percent and 67 percent . The findings found confirm with others that mechanical scarification and chemical treatment with gibberellic acid induces to a greater degree germination of the seeds examined. A physical dormancy caused by their teguments is thus exposed. This will allow farmers to use 0° and 4° stratification to block germination of seed weeds.

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In vitro ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF Vitis vinifera SEED EXTRACT USING ALBUMIN DENATURATION ASSAY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Inflammation is the immune system's primary reaction to harmful stimuli, such as bacteria, infected cells, radioactive substances, or irradiation, and works by eliminating harmful stimuli and initiating the healing process. Like flavonoids, polyphenols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins, and the stilbene derivative resveratrol, Vitis Vinifera contains multiple active components. In particular, grape seed extract has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic effects, such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of grape seed extract using an albumin denaturation assay.

Materials and Methods: First, a concentrated grape seed extract solution was manufactured. This solution was then tested using the Albumin Denaturation Assay at various concentrations (10-50 ug/mL) for its anti inflammatory effect. At 660 nm, the absorbance value was registered.

Results: Grape seed extract has been shown to have strong anti inflammatory activity through this experiment. It has been shown to have stronger anti-inflammatory properties than the sodium-diclofenac norm. It has less side effects than the standard, too. It contains polyphenols, which are responsible for this effect in large part.

Conclusion: The absorbance rate increases at 660 nm with increasing concentrations of grape seed extract, suggesting that the percent inhibition of GSE also increases in the same way.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN NANO IRON AND IRON EDTA AS FOLIAR FERTILIZERS UNDER SALT STRESS CONDITIONS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In comparison to Fe-EDTA under salt stress conditions, a greenhouse experiment was adopted to investigate the effect of nano Fe on the growth, nutrient concentration, and content of sorghum straw, racemes, and entire shoots. Two iron fertilizer sources were sprayed; nano Fe 1.35 g/L, Fe-EDTA 3 g/L, and as a monitor, distilled water was used. As a control, sorghum plants were irrigated by diluted seawater at a rate of 2.5, 5% seawater, and tap water. The findings of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the form of the nano Fe used was spherical with a mean particle size of 47.67nm. The growth attributes were reduced only by the elevated salinity level. The growth parameters reported in iron-EDTA treatments were, as an unexpected result, superior to those obtained from the nano-iron source, irrespective of the level of salinity. The foliar application of iron EDTA increased by 24.0, 57.6, 22.5, 53.1, 62.2, 39.0, 16.4 and 34.0 percent plant height, fresh weight (fw) of straw, fw of raceme, fw of whole plant, dry weight (dw) of stem, dw of straw, dw of raceme and dw of whole shoot compared to nano-Fe, respectively. As indicated by the presence of four petal flower-like silicon units in SEM micrographs of nano Fe-sprayed leaves, we attributed this finding to the plant's protective response to the nano-iron.

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In vitro XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF ONION OIL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The common onion, the most predominantly cultivated species of the genus Allium, is Allium cepa L., (A. cepa). In recent years, due to their nutritional, industrial and medicinal value, there has been an interest in discovering new sources of edible oils, such as plant seeds. In the world, the consumption of onions has risen dramatically, mostly because of the health benefits they provide. A. Cepa has a high content of both non-volatile and volatile organosulphur compounds, which are responsible for the onion's usual pungency, smell and taste. Onion extracts, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antiasthmatic, immunomodulatory and prebiotic activities, have recently been reported to be effective in cardiovascular disease and have several other biological activities. Gout is a condition arising from an elevated accumulation of uric acid in the joints and muscles and due to increased xanthine oxidase enzyme activity involved in the metabolism of nucleotides. Xanthine oxidase converts xanthine to uric acid and then to hypoxanthine. The present study focuses on the evaluation and screening of the phytochemical constituents present in the in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) activity of onion oil. Normal procedures were carried out for in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and phytochemical screening of onion oil. The findings showed that onion oil had an in vitro inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase. The oil showed a dose-dependent increase in inhibitory activity relative to the regular drug allopurinol, which was lower. As xanthine oxidase activity has been inhibited by oil, it can help to treat gout and other disorders associated with increased xanthine oxidase activity. The oil is rich in alkaloids and the presence of terpenoids, carbohydrates, flavonoids and phlobatannins was also demonstrated. The presence of these phytochemicals may have added to the oil's beneficial behavior. The study thus concluded that onion oil had a potent in vitro inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase.

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DIRECT SHOOT REGENERATION BY In vitro CULTURE OF THE GERBERA (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) CAPITULUM EXPLANTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

During the 2018/2019 growing season, this study was performed at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The goal of the study was to use the segments of the capitulum as explants in the micro-propagation of the gerbera plant cultivars of Orange and Malibu. The results showed that the capitulum segments of the gerbera vine, cultivars of Orange and Malibu, cultivated in vitro as explants, resulted in the direct proliferation of adventitious shoots. The results also show the important superiority of the orange cultivar in its response rate to direct shoot regeneration, which, after 12 weeks of cultivation, reached 86.72 percent. In the number and length of the shoots that were produced from direct organogenesis, the Malibu cultivar was substantially superior, which reached 10.48 shoots explant-1 and 1.78 cm respectively. The 1.0 mg L-1 BA concentration was significantly higher than the other explant response concentrations for direct shoot proliferation and the number and duration of shoots observed were 99.22% and 15.90 shoots for explant-1 and 1.78 cm, respectively. While the explants cultivated on the MS medium supplied with 5.0 mg L-1 BA showed the lowest response to direct shoot proliferation and the number and length of shoots, which reached 27.50% and 2.00 shoots, respectively, explant-1 and 0.35 cm.

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EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF HERBAL MOUTHWASH USING CRANBERRY EXTRACT: A PILOT STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Dental plaque-induced oral diseases continue to affect the majority of the world's population. Among them, the single most common and preventable oral infectious disease is dental caries. As fresh fruit, juice, and even as medicine, cranberry is used. It has activities that are antimicrobial, anti inflammatory, and anti-tumor. In various systemic infections, it is also known to cause bacterial adhesion. It is less popular for its dental application, however. There is, therefore, a need to determine its effect on oral infections.

Aim: The objective of the study was to test the antimicrobial property of herbal mouthwash using cranberry extract.

Materials and Methods: This unique research was performed at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, as a single blinded, parallel group clinical trial. It consisted of a total of 10 subjects randomly divided into groups with a fair gingival index (aged 18-22 years) and given 5 ml of chlorhexidine mouthwash and cranberry mouthwash twice daily to Group A (n=5) and Group B (n=5) for 7 days each. At baseline, plaque samples were obtained and the microbial count was measured after 7 days of using mouthwash.

Results and Discussion: This research indicates that the microbial count has decreased substantially before and after the use of cranberry mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the baseline mean amount of CFU/ml and the chlorhexidine and cranberry groups after 7 days. For the cranberry group, the mean reduction was 52 percent, while the mean reduction after use was 53 percent in the chlorhexidine group.

Conclusion: This analysis revealed that there was a substantial decrease in the microbial count in both classes. Therefore, in order to improve oral health, herbal products such as cranberry have been shown to be more effective or similar alternatives to chlorhexidine, with added benefits and minimal side effects.

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OPTIMIZING THE ACCLIMATIZATION PROCESS OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in vitro PLANTLETS DERIVED FROM THE MATURE ZYGOTIC EMBRYOS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Oil palm has become one of the most important industrial crops for its use for various purposes, but in vitro regeneration has become a critical route for accelerating breeding programs because of its constraints on traditional propagation. But its low survival rate caused catastrophic losses for the industry during the hardening process. Therefore, we optimized the acclimatization phase for 90-day-old plantlets from mature zygotic embryos germinated in vitro in this research. Using eight soil less media and their combinations in a 1:1:1 ratio, viz., plantlets were acclimatized. HM1 (Vermiculite), HM2 (Cocopeat), HM3 (Perlite), HM4 (Vermiculite + Cocopeat + Soilrite), HM5 (Cocopeat + Perlite + Soilrite), HM6 (Cocopeat + Perlite + Soilrite), HM7 (Cocopeat + Vermiculite + Perlite) and HM8 (Cocopeat + Perlite + Soilrite) (Compost). In terms of plant morphological features such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width, plantlets grown in the HM4 showed better results after 60 days of growth in the soilless media among all the treatments attempted. But, except for root growth, no statistical significance was observed. However, the introduction of staggered shift to the transition environment significantly decreased the transplantation shock.

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