CYTOTOXICITY OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING DRIED GINGER | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Copper nanoparticles are used in a wide range of fields, including medicine, agriculture, and engineering, to name a few. This biotechnology incorporates biological concepts of physical and chemical properties to create nano-sized particles with unusual properties. The quality of being harmful to cells is known as cytotoxicity. The goal of this study was to look at the cytotoxicity of copper nanoparticles made from dried ginger. Copper nanoparticles were synthesised using a green method and characterised using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the dried ginger induced copper nanoparticles at various concentrations. The findings showed that copper nanoparticles made from dried ginger had lower toxicity when used at lower concentrations. As a result, different nano-formulations of dried ginger mediated copper nanoparticles can be produced at optimal concentrations for safe and cost-effective therapeutics.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5584

EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF FRUIT MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this research is to make zinc oxide nanoparticles from Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum, measure their antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and see how toxic they are.

Introduction: Zinc oxide nanoparticles are commonly used in medicine and science due to their inherent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as their low toxicity. The green synthesis of these nanoparticles is favoured because it is simple, relatively repeatable, cost-effective, and produces more stable, non-toxic materials.

Materials and Methods: Green zinc oxide nanoparticles were made from aqueous fruit extracts of P. granatum and E. cardamomum. UV spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were then used to determine the properties of nanoparticles. The agar well diffusion method was used to assess antifungal activity, and the brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess cytotoxicity.

P. granatum and E. cardamomum extracts allowed the synthesis of stable zinc oxide nanoparticles, according to the findings. The nanoparticles thus produced were also found to have strong antifungal properties, with a zone of inhibition of 12mm for 50L, 22mm for 100L, and 24mm for 150L. In a lethality assay, 80 percent of live shrimp larvae were found in a nanoparticle concentration of 20-30 L. The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles, on the other hand, needs to be investigated further. They may be integrated into various products in the future, such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and mouth paint, to promote their effect.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5582

In vitro ANTI- CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY OF Lactuca sativa ON ORAL CANCER CELL LINES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Lettuce, known as Lactuca sativa is a leafy vegetable belonging to the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is available in many varieties and is said to be a rich source of Vitamin K and Vitamin A. It is an ingredient used in various salads and foods and is said to have a lot of nutrients. It is used as a weight loss vegetable and is also referred to as ‘rabbit food’. Lettuce is very low in calories but is an excellent source of Vitamin A and beta carotenes which have antioxidant properties. The minerals present in lettuce are calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc. It also contains essential vitamins like thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6 and Vitamin E.

Aim: The main objective of this study is to analyse the In-vitro anti-carcinogenic activity of Lactuca sativa extract on oral cancer cell lines.

Materials and Methods: The extract of Lactuca sativa was prepared by crushing the leaf and mixed with suitable solvents. The assay used for this research is MTT assay.

Results and Discussion: In this experiment, the cell inhibitory action is taken into account. The drug tamoxifen is taken as the positive control. As we can see, the cell inhibition increases as the concentration of the extract increases. Hence the extract gives an anti-carcinogenic activity on the oral cancer cells.

Conclusion: The plant Lactuca sativa has anti-carcinogenic activity on oral cancer cells. Hence it can be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of cancer.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5383

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF LYCOPENE INCORPORATED CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES USING BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY ASSAY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: In the past few years, there has been an increase in periodontal disorder, which can be due to different causes. The treatment modality, however, remains the same, which is to recognise the cause of the disease and remove the cause of the oral cavity to create a safe microenvironment to repair itself to its full ability. The use of nanotechnology has become increasingly common in different dentistry fields.

Aim: The research aims to test the cytotoxic impact of chitosan nanoparticles incorporated with lycopene using a brine shrimp lethality assay.

Materials and Methods: The analysis included the assessment of the ability of lycopene-integrated chitosan nanoparticles ranging from 5 (μl - microlitre) to 50 μl as an emerging dental nanomedicine at different concentrations. A primary level animal test on brine shrimps was performed using the standard brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) method in order to test its cytotoxicity.

Results: The analysis shows that the levels of cytotoxicity (calculated in relation to the BSLA mortality rates) are directly proportional to the nanoparticle concentration used. It was noted that in all concentrations except 50 μl, lycopene has comparatively low cytotoxic levels, chitosan has a high cytotoxic level of more than 5 μl and the nanoparticle compound also has a high cytotoxicity of 5 μl. Another result from the analysis is that as compared to the compound particle, the individual components of the nanoparticles exhibited much less toxicity.

Conclusion: The analysis showed that the nanoparticle compound exhibits minimal toxicity at concentrations below 5 microL, but substantial nanoparticle toxicity occurs at higher concentrations. This provides an insight into the drug's secure dosage calculations. To ensure its protection and clinical applications, further research is required.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5368

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF GRAPE SEED MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY ASSAY - In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles are a type of metal oxide nanoparticles with a band gap of 3.3 eV and excitation binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature. It has gained considerable attention due to its unique catalytic, antibacterial, antifungal, photochemical, UV-filtering, anti-inflammatory properties owing to its large surface area to volume ratio. Synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles through green routes and environmentally benign methods has been focused by researchers to avoid the use of toxic chemicals making the process and the final product eco-friendly and non-toxic in nature.

Aim: To assess the cytotoxic effect of grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles using brine shrimp lethality assay.

Materials and Methods: Plant extracts were collected and prepared for obtaining the grape seed extract. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were then synthesised in a methodological manner, followed by the assessment and characterisation of the zinc oxide nanoparticles. The zinc oxide nanoparticles powder was then prepared. Brine shrimp lethality assay was the test used to identify the cytotoxic activity of the grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles and the results were statistically analysed.

Results: Cytotoxic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles was verified through several tests such as Brine shrimp assay. It was observed that the initial number of nauplius reduced in a negligible amount after one day and very little after three days in only certain concentrations of Zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Conclusion: The grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles thus show very less or negligible cytotoxic activity as the concentrations were increased and thus the zinc oxide nanoparticles are expected to be used in future for effective drug systems and in the future drug formulations.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5360

CYTOTOXICITY STUDY OF COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLE MEDIATED THROUGH TAMARIND EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: Plant-based nanoparticles are stated to be healthy and eco-friendly.

Objective: To classify the cytotoxic effect of copper oxide nanoparticles mediated by tamarind fruit pulp on brine shrimp shrimp

Materials and methods: 0.55 g of tamarind extract was combined with 100 ml of distilled water to obtain a transparent solution to which 0.318 g of copper sulphate was added and stored for nanoparticle synthesis in an orbital shaker. The absorbance was measured by UV-Visible Spectroscopy at regular intervals and centrifuged and stored after verifying the formation of the nanoparticles. A plate of 6 wells of Elisa was taken and filled with saline water and 10 brine shrimp nauplii were put with due care in each well. In each well, different volumes of nanoparticles starting from 5 μl to 25 μl were taken and the cytotoxicity was tested 24 hours later.

Results and Discussion: The number of nauplii brine shrimps was counted and all of the nauplii on the first day were alive. On day 2, only 9 nauplii were detected alive at 5 μL and 10 μL concentrations; 7 were detected alive at 15 μL and 20 μL concentrations; and 6 nauplii were detected alive at 25 μL concentrations. The overall cytotoxicity was observed at a concentration of 25μl. All the nauplii were alive in the control group without the copper nanoparticle controlled by tamarind.

Conclusion: The current research concludes that nanoparticles of copper oxide are healthy at low concentrations. After more in-vivo research, the dose dependent cytotoxicity found with tamarind-mediated copper nanoparticles may be used for use in cancer therapeutics.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5351

ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON HERBAL FORMULATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Inflammation, such as dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis and oral mucosal lesions, is the main finding in oral diseases. In order to reduce inflammation, it is important to invent new topical agents. In the pharmaceutical industry, plant extracts are commonly used since they are naturally available and have less side effects.

Goal: The aim of this study is to test the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of herbal formulations of cloves and cinnamon.

Materials and Methods: Ground cloves and cinnamon. 5 grammes of clove powder and 5 grammes of cinnamon powder were weighed and mixed with 100 ml of distilled water. The clove and cinnamon aqueous extract was prepared. By using brined shrimp nauplii, the extract was then tested for cytotoxicity. Bovine Serum Albumin has been used to detect the extract's anti-inflammatory function.

Results: The aqueous clove extract and cinnamon extract displayed the highest absorption at a concentration of 50 μl (90.3%) when the albumin denaturation assay was inhibited to verify its anti-inflammatory activity at a wavelength of 660 nm. At 10 μl, the cytotoxicity of the extract was the lowest.

Conclusion: The prepared clove and cinnamon extract has proven to be a potent antioxidant and antimicrobial agent and can therefore be used in medical applications. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the extract can be integrated into biomedical applications, thereby concluding that clove and cinnamon extract can be a groundbreaking step in the transition to greener medicine.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5341

PREPARATION OF MOUTHWASH USING LYCOPENE - CHITOSAN NANOCOMPOSITE AND ITS CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES - AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Application of chitosan in dentifrices or mouthwash is limited, several studies have shown that it is extremely effective in destroying bacteria as well as reducing plaque film and gingivitis. Lycopene can function as a potent scavenger of Hypochlorous acid at a wide range of concentration that may span various pathophysiological and supplemental ranges. Therefore combining both using nanotechnology would be beneficial for the exploitation of new generations of antimicrobial agents and for the development of new biomedicine.

Aim: The study aims to prepare lycopene mediated chitosan based mouthwash and to assess its antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects.

Materials and Methods: The study involved the preparation of lycopene mediated chitosan based mouthwash from their extracts. Assessment of cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of mouthwash was done. In order to test its cytotoxicity a primary level animal testing on brine shrimps was conducted using the standard brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) method and agar diffusion method was used to assess its antimicrobial properties.

Results: The study reveals that the mouthwash prepared had better antimicrobial properties while evaluating it by agar diffusion methods and cytotoxicity levels which were calculated in relation to the mortality rates of the BSLA are directly proportional to the concentration of the nanoparticle used. This gives an insight into the safety and drug dosage levels.

Conclusion: The study can be concluded that the lycopene mediated chitosan based mouthwash being studied shows great potential in the field of dentistry. Cytotoxicity levels of the mouthwash exhibits acceptable toxicity at concentrations below 10 μL however at higher concentrations it shows a significant toxicity and also showed better antimicrobial properties as the zone of inhibition (ZOI) increased with the concentration of lycopene mediated chitosan based mouthwash.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5330

BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS OF Solanum trilobatum MEDIATED BY SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AND ITS CYTOTOXICITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Aim: To estimate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of selenium nanoparticles-mediated Solanum trilobatum.

Introduction: One of the most essential medicinal plants emerging in the southern regions of India is Solanum trilobatum, commonly called thuthuvalai. It is traditionally used in the treatment of different ailments. Certain illnesses such as tuberculosis, respiratory disorders and bronchial asthma are said to be healed. Phytochemical analysis of different extracts, such as chloroform, S. water. The existence of secondary metabolites such as steroids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, sugar reducers and phenolic compounds was demonstrated by trilobatum. S. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity activity, protective effect, haemolytic activity are said to be possessed by trilobatum.

Materials and Methods: The plant extract was prepared and the UV-Beckmann spectrometer was used to synthesise nanoparticles. The nanoparticles that were synthesised were then centrifuged. Following centrifugation, pellet collection was completed. This has been used to test various properties, such as antioxidants and cytotoxicity. The antioxidant property was tested as a normal solution using a DPPH assay where ascorbic acid was used. Wells were used for the cytotoxicity operation, where the mortality rate of the shrimps was calculated when selenium nanoparticle-mediated plant extracts of different concentrations were applied.

Results: In the case of cytotoxicity activity, solanum trilobatum induced by selenium nanoparticles showed elevated LD 50 in higher concentrations. In comparison with regular ascorbic acid, the plant extract mediated selenium nanoparticle had a major impact on antioxidant function.

Conclusion: Therefore, the selenium nanoparticle mediated by Solanum trilobatum expresses strong antioxidant activity and potent cytotoxicity. Hence, for further study, it can be taken up.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5312

In vitro ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF Acacia HEARTWOOD EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The objective of the present study was to investigate the anticancer effect of Acacia catechu Heartwood extract against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Cancer is a global public health problem due to its high mortality rate. Acacia catechu (Family: Fabaceae and subfamily: Mimosoideae) is a deciduous tree distributed throughout the Sub –Himalayan tract of Punjab to Assam. In ayurveda, the extracts of bark and heartwood  were used to treat various human pathophysiological conditions like thinning of blood, skin disorders, chronic fever, throat problems, obesity, splenomegaly, tastelessness, hemorrhages, blood disorder and urine related disorders The MTT assay was conducted to know the cytotoxic effect of the compound on cell viability. The induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis probably constitute the antitumor mechanisms of extract. From the research we identified that Acacia heartwood has anticancer effects and is used to treat breast cancer.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5306