ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF MULTI- STRESS AFFECTED Zingiber officinale PLANT EXTRACTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Roscoe belongs to the Zingiberacea genus, and the plant ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a perennial herb with dense and tuberous rhizomes. Plants have long been used in the preparation of traditional medicines, and those drugs were made from locally cultivated wild plants. The aim of this study was to see how effective E. elatior flower's methanol extract was against a variety of disease-causing fungi and bacteria, as well as to look into antimicrobial sources and report on antioxidant activities and phytochemical screaming tests.

Methodology: All experiments were carried out at the University of Lahore's biotechnology and plant science laboratories. Using an ethanol extraction system, an N-hexane extraction system, and a rotary evaporator for aqueous extraction. n-hexane, ethanol, whitman filter paper, nutrient agar, SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar), distilled water, and nutrient Broth were all used in this experiment or reagent analysis and were given as follows: n-hexane, ethanol, whitman filter paper, nutrient agar, SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar), distilled water, and nutrient The extracts were held in autoclaved 25 mL McCartney bottles in a 4°C refrigerator until they were required. Prior to storage, the bottles were carefully labelled and labelled correctly.

The antifungal efficacy of Zingiber officinale was assessed against multiple forms of pathogens with different concentrations such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger, as well as the positive controls. Disc diffusion is used to apply all forms of fungus to various fungus cultures. First and foremost, we remove the rhizome under fungus regulation. Rhizome extract provides the best results in zone of inhibition in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus (17 mm and 17.5 mm, respectively), but other forms of fungi species also provide good results.

Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of n-hexane extract prepared from ginger rhizome was dose dependent in this analysis (Zingiber officinale). Along with the positive controls, there were four bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Aceromonas, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aceromonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed the highest antibacterial activity, which was higher than the positive regulation, Zingiber officinale. The minimum antibacterial ethanol extraction, on the other hand, was discovered against Escherichia coli. Inhibition areas were not visible in the positive regulation.

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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT MEDIATED TITANIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Candida albicans: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: In today’s age, the incidence of local and systemic fungal diseases has increased due to a rise of new and fatal immunodeficiency diseases as well as immune-suppressive therapy due to which there is a heightened increase in the use of antifungal drugs which have significant side effects. Nanotechnology is rapidly growing in various fields of science.

Aim: To determine the antifungal activity of grape seed-mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles against Candida albicans.

Materials and Methods: The collected grape seeds were powdered and stored in an airtight container. 1 g of grape seed extract was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and was boiled for 15 minutes. The solution was filtered, to which 20 ml of distilled water was added. To this solution 0.862 g of titanium dioxide was added and was subjected to constant stirring until the formation of white suspension. This was centrifuged for 10 minutes and the antifungal property against Candida albicans was assessed.

Results: The peak found at 650 nm in the UV spectroscopy indicates the formation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. From the study it was found that with the increase in the concentration of the grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles, the zone of inhibition against C. albicans was increased. The highest zone of inhibition obtained was 12 mm at 150 microliters.

Conclusion: The antifungal activity of grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles was studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal activity.

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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES - AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology is rapidly growing in various fields of science like medicinal, agricultural, physical and material sciences. Zinc oxide is used as an important ingredient in many enzymes, sun screens and ointments for pain. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are unique in that   they can be produced with high surface areas and with unusual wurtzite hexagonal crystal structures.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to analyse the antifungal activity of grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: The grape seed powder (Vitis vinifera) was acquired. An aqueous extract was prepared and mixed with zinc sulphate for zinc oxide nanoparticles formation and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. The extract was then placed in the well cultured agar plates against Candida albicans and incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC. The zones of inhibition were calculated.

Results: Grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles have good antifungal activity with the zone of inhibition of 16 mm in the highest concentration and it was compared with the fluconazole which showed a zone of inhibition of 30 mm.

Conclusion: The antifungal activity of grape seed extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles were studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal activity.

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ANTI-FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING Symplocos racemosa AGAINST Candida albicans | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: When left unchecked, Candida albicans emerges as an important cause for morbidity and mortality in debilitated patients. However, with proper inhibitory measures, we can curb its excessive proliferation. Thus, the aim of our study was to examine the plausible antifungal potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) synthesized using the bark of Symplocos racemosa (Sr) against Candida albicans (Ca).

Materials and Methods: Sr was powdered and made into a filtered herbal formulation. Sodium selenite solution was added to it and the conjunction was kept in an orbital shaker for the     synthesis of nanoparticles. The Se-NPs were characterized by UV-vis-spectroscopy and were then centrifuged until the final pellet was collected and powdered. A fresh fungal suspension of Ca was dispersed on a Rose Bengal Agar plate and the Agar Well Diffusion method was used. Different concentrations of Se-NPs (50, 100 and 150) μL were incorporated into the wells and were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Fluconazole used as a positive control and the zones of inhibition were recorded.

Results: A colour change was observed after the synthesis of Se-NPs. The prepared particles were then characterized by a peak seen at 285 nm in UV-vis-spectroscopy. The zone of inhibition increased in size with an increase in Se-NP concentration. Fluconazole was the most effective against Ca closely followed by 150 μL of our Se-NPs.

Conclusion: Se-NPs synthesized using Sr is an effective antifungal agent against Ca. It is eco-friendly, rapid and easy to synthesize. They are potentially an inexpensive solution for Ca.

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In vitro CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLE AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: From last decay nanotechnology is playing advance in various fields in the research field. Nanoparticles are the most required scientific tool that acts as a bridge between atomic or molecular or atomic structure with bulk material. They have unique      properties like magnetic, optical and excellent in catalytic. In this study we are going to see the In vitro cytotoxic effect of zirconium oxide nanoparticle and its antibacterial activity against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Zirconium oxide nanoparticles are synthesized by taking Azadirachta indica and aloe vera plant extract and nanoparticle powder is prepared. And then in vitro cytotoxic effect is done by using brine shrimp lethal assay.And then antibacterial activity test is done against the oral pathogens.

Results: Zirconium oxide nanoparticles are toxic if the concentration is increased but in lower concentrations the function is best. The action against the oral pathogens. In small concentrations S. aureus showed an 8mm zone of inhibition when the concentration increased S. mutans showed 11mm zone of inhibition.

Conclusion: The zirconium oxide nanoparticles can be used as antibacterial agents against the oral pathogens in small quantities. Thus in future nanoparticles are going to role the developing countries in various fields of medicine.

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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CINNAMON - CLOVE MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Candida albicans | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Human infections caused by Candida albicans range from common oral thrush to fatal systemic superinfections in patients who are afflicted with other diseases. The antifungal actions of silver nanoparticles have been broadly investigated in comparison with other metals. Clove and cinnamon are recognised for their antimicrobial properties.

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the antifungal activity of cinnamon-clove mediated silver nanoparticles against Candida albicans.

Materials and Methods: The herbal powders were procured. An aqueous extract was prepared and centrifuged after maximum activity was noted by UV visible spectroscopy. Various concentrations of the silver nanoparticles containing cinnamon and clove combinations were added into the inoculated culture plates. The zones of inhibition were calculated by disk diffusion method.

Results: Cinnamon-clove mediated silver nanoparticles have good antifungal activity (10 mm-zone of inhibition) in their highest concentration.

Conclusion: Cinnamon and clove mediated silver nanoparticles were studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal efficiency but not as good as the control. This new formulation can be incorporated into natural mouthwashes and probiotic lozenges for use against oral pathogens like Candida albicans, which is positively associated with oral thrush.

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EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF Foeniculum vulgare ESSENTIAL OIL -AN in vitro STUDY

 Introduction: Inability to extract intracanal biofilm and the existence of different microbial species can be linked to the most common cause of failure of most root canal therapies. In order to achieve maximum microbe removal, the quest for an ideal root canal irrigant and medication is still on. The objective of this study was to test the antimicrobial efficacy of the Foeniculum vulgare seeds (Fennel seeds) essential oil against E. C and faecalis. Albicans, and compare it to Calcium hydroxide, the new gold standard.

Materials and Methods: Undiluted and 100% pure essential oil derived from steam distillation of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare was used. Fungal and bacterial strains of E. ATCC 29212 and C faecalis. ATCC 10231 albicans were grown and test samples of fennel seed oil (20μl), fennel seed oil and calcium hydroxide mixture, calcium hydroxide and 30% propylene glycol were tested against the microbial strains. For the antibacterial and antifungal activity evaluation, the zones of inhibition around the treated discs were assessed.

 

Performance: The results of the study showed statistically significant inhibition zone diameters (in mm) in contrast to the negative power. The combination of fennel seed oil and calcium hydroxide, followed by pure fennel seed oil for both E, shows the maximum inhibition diameter. C. Albicans. and E. faecalis.

Concluding: F. Thanks to its antimicrobial potency, vulgar essential oil can be tried and used for long-standing cases of infection.

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ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTY OF Heterostemma trilobactum

Antifungal development of solvent extract of Heterostemma trilobactum have been investigated against human pathogenic developments, for instance, Aspergillus sp., Candida albicans and Fusarium moniliform. The various solvents expels were viewed as amazing against test living thing anyway the ethyl acetate induction and ethanol isolates appeared, apparently, to be best antifungal pros when diverged from watery and chloroform remove. Overpowering ailments address an essential issue to prosperity and they are one of the essential driver of hopelessness and mortality around the globe. The assurance from against contamination specialists and with the peril during postponed treatment with a couple of prescriptions due to this helpful plants are commonly used by the ordinary remedial experts for assuaging various diseases in their regular practice. Since old events, plants have been a model wellspring of drug. They showed the information concerning the new profile of antifungal meds obtaining from remedial plants.

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PRIMARY STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HONDURAN MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla) LEAF EXTRACT

The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of Swietenia macrophylla crude methanolic (SMCM) seed extract. The antimicrobial activity of the oily extract against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, yeast and fungus strains was evaluated based on the inhibition zone using disc diffusion assay, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. The crude extract was subjected to various phytochemicals analysis. The demonstrated qualitative phytochemical tests exhibited the presences of common phytocompounds including alkaloids, terpenoids, antraquinones, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and volatile oils as major active constituents. The SMCM seed extract had inhibitory effects on the growth of Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and illustrated MIC and MBC values ranging from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml.

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