ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Lactobacillus SPECIES - AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Clove and cinnamon have antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties, and have been used in food for centuries as a savouring agent and antimicrobial content. Lactobacilli are responsible for balancing the microflora and being the primary cause of dental caries. In contrast to prescription medications with side effects, herbal products have not been commonly used in formulations.

The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles mediated by clove-cinnamon against Lactobacilli.

Materials and Methods: To make nanoparticles, the clove-cinnamon powder was boiled, filtered, and mixed with silver nitrate solution, then centrifuged at 8000 rpm to form pellets. The solutions were applied to the wells of the inoculated agar plate at varying concentrations and incubated. The agar diffusion method was used to calculate the zones of inhibition for each concentration using a scale.

The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles containing clove and cinnamon extracts against Lactobacilli was strongest at the highest concentrations (15 mm). It was discovered to contain more than Amoxicillin (8 mm).

Conclusion: The analysis found that silver nanoparticles mediated by clove and cinnamon extract had strong antimicrobial activity. In order to develop new formulations, further research and clinical trials would be needed in the future.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5617

ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CORIANDER OLEORESIN MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of selenium nanoparticles mediated by Coriander Oleoresin.

Materials and Methods: Coriander oleoresin-mediated Selenium nanoparticles were made by combining 0.5 mL Coriander Oleoresin extract with 0.519 g sodium selenite in 99.5 mL distilled water. For nanoparticle synthesis, the reaction mixture was held in an orbital shaker with magnetic stirrer. Color shift indicated the formation of selenium nanoparticles, which was confirmed using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antiinflammatory activity of coriander oleoresin mediated selenium nanoparticles was assessed using an albumin denaturation inhibitory assay.

Discussion and Conclusions: The presence of selenium nanoparticles was demonstrated by a colour shift in the reaction mixture, which was verified by UV-Visible spectroscopy with a peak at 320nm. The anti-inflammatory activity of coriander oleoresin mediated selenium nanoparticles was dose dependent. At 50 L of selenium nanoparticles, the maximum inhibitory effect of 90 percent on protein denaturation was observed.

Conclusion: The synthesis of selenium nanoparticles in a green manner was simple and straightforward. The researchers concluded that Coriander Oleoresin-mediated Selenium nanoparticles had strong anti-inflammatory activity and thus could be used for a healthy and environmentally friendly selenium nanoparticle synthesis for inflammatory conditions.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5543

ARROW ROOT MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLE AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The purpose of the research is to synthesize the arrowroot-mediated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and further define their characterization. With its applications in science and technology to create new stuff, the area of nanotechnology is increasingly growing. Today, as the marvel of medicine, nano items are named. Globally, the development of SeNPs is now emerging.

The characterisation of nanoparticles deals with the characterisation of the nanoparticles' physical and chemical properties. Selenium nanoparticles are synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy using Arrowroot. As the shape is rod-shaped and the scale is 200 nm, the effects are observed. Therefore, the nanosized nanoparticles mediated by arrowroot have many applications in modern technology and have high medicinal value as well.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5526

ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING CLOVE AND CINNAMON: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: Synthesized from plant sources, selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are eco-friendly, cost-effective and have a wide variety of applications. The anti-inflammatory properties of selenium produced by different sources of herbs have been well studied. Clove and cinnamon have been used to generate Se NPs in this research.

Goal: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the use of cloves and cinnamon in selenium nanoparticles.

Materials and methods: 0.5 gm of powdered clove and 0.5 gm of powdered cinnamon were collected and mixed with 100 ml of water. This extract is then boiled at 90 °C in a hot water bath, added 0.80 gm of selenium to this solution and subjected to continuous stirring until the brown suspension forms. The antimicrobial property against Candida albicans was evaluated and centrifuged for 10 minutes.

Results: The peak in UV spectroscopy found at 650 nm indicates the formation of selenium nanoparticles. The study found that, with an improvement in the concentration of cloves and cinnamon, selenium nanoparticles mediated the inhibition zone toward C. Albicans have been elevated. 12 mm at 150 μl was the maximum zone of inhibition collected.

Conclusion: Instead of using traditional anti-inflammatory agents to mitigate their side effects, selenium nanoparticles developed using cloves and cinnamon have strong anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in the future as pastes, gels, etc. for topical application.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5396
    

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPE SEED MEDIATED TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology used in dentistry as dental materials have unique physicochemical and biological properties that can be used to overcome the complications caused by other traditional dental treatments. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been demonstrated to be an effective multifunctional material. Grape seed extract is a rich source of polymers of flavan-3-ols like catechin and epicatechin.

Aim: The aim of the study was to synthesize and characterize grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles using UV Visible Spectroscopy.

Materials and methods: The synthesis of the titanium dioxide nanoparticle is done with green synthesis method. Morphological characters like the shape and size of the obtained green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles by transmission electron microscope.

Results: The peak value of absorbance titanium dioxide nanoparticles was found to be at 370 nm. The TEM imaging revealed that the particles were spherical shaped. The results confirmed that the green synthesis of grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles is cost efficient and eco friendly.

Conclusion: In this study, a simple, biological and low cost approach was done for the preparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using grape seeds. Thus, the synthesized grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles can be subjected to various other biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic evaluation to know the efficiency of these nanoparticles.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5365

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING GRAPE SEED EXTRACT: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Inflammation is the key finding in any periodontal problem. It is important to devise new topical agents to reduce the inflammation. Zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesized from plant extract will be an eco-friendly, simple and reliable method offering therapeutic options which are safe, free of side effects and effective for a wide range of diseases. In our study we have chosen grape seed due to its protection against oxidative damage, and anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol and antiplatelet properties.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the anti-inflammatory activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using grape seed extract.

Materials and Methods: Collection of grape seeds and preparing its extract followed by the synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using the prepared herbal formulation. The stable zinc nanoparticles were characterized by UV- Vis spectroscopy, which showed shift peak at 660 nm. The anti-inflammatory activity of zinc nanoparticles prepared using plant extract was investigated by albumin denaturation assay. The results of the test were described as the standard deviation (SD) and analyzed using the UV- Vis Spectroscopy.

Results: The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the grape seed extract showed highest absorbance at a concentration of 50 μl (84.6%) when subjected to inhibition of albumin denaturation assay to check for its anti-inflammatory activity.

Conclusion: The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the grape seed extract acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent with least side effects. Further clinical trials need to be done in the future and can be used as a replacement to the commercially available drugs.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5364

CYTOTOXICITY STUDY OF COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLE MEDIATED THROUGH TAMARIND EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: Plant-based nanoparticles are stated to be healthy and eco-friendly.

Objective: To classify the cytotoxic effect of copper oxide nanoparticles mediated by tamarind fruit pulp on brine shrimp shrimp

Materials and methods: 0.55 g of tamarind extract was combined with 100 ml of distilled water to obtain a transparent solution to which 0.318 g of copper sulphate was added and stored for nanoparticle synthesis in an orbital shaker. The absorbance was measured by UV-Visible Spectroscopy at regular intervals and centrifuged and stored after verifying the formation of the nanoparticles. A plate of 6 wells of Elisa was taken and filled with saline water and 10 brine shrimp nauplii were put with due care in each well. In each well, different volumes of nanoparticles starting from 5 μl to 25 μl were taken and the cytotoxicity was tested 24 hours later.

Results and Discussion: The number of nauplii brine shrimps was counted and all of the nauplii on the first day were alive. On day 2, only 9 nauplii were detected alive at 5 μL and 10 μL concentrations; 7 were detected alive at 15 μL and 20 μL concentrations; and 6 nauplii were detected alive at 25 μL concentrations. The overall cytotoxicity was observed at a concentration of 25μl. All the nauplii were alive in the control group without the copper nanoparticle controlled by tamarind.

Conclusion: The current research concludes that nanoparticles of copper oxide are healthy at low concentrations. After more in-vivo research, the dose dependent cytotoxicity found with tamarind-mediated copper nanoparticles may be used for use in cancer therapeutics.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5351

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON FORMULATION MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: A large range of fields, including medicine in particular, have been modernised by the advent of nanoparticles (NPs). By minimising the toxicity and side effects that commercially available drugs may have on patients, nanoparticles have revolutionised targeted drug delivery. In herbal medicine, cloves and cinnamon have long been used for the treatment of a broad range of ailments and diseases. The green synthesis of nanoparticles has been gaining importance because of its simplicity and eco-friendliness.

Goal: The aim of this study was to synthesise selenium nanoparticles mediated by clove and cinnamon formulations and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Selenium nanoparticles mediated by clove and cinnamon formulations were synthesised in vitro. The antimicrobial activity of SeNPs was tested using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus.

Results: SeNPs mediated by clove-cinnamon extract showed effective antimicrobial activity comparable to that of drugs commercially available.

Conclusion: It can thus be inferred that selenium nanoparticles mediated by clove-cinnamon have the potential to be used as an effective antibiotic. To isolate the component in the extract that makes it effective to be used in large-scale production for targeted drug delivery against a wide range of oral microbial infections, this formulation needs to be further purified.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5350

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING GRAPE SEED EXTRACT: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles have received much attention recently due to its properties such as its extensive antimicrobial activity, eco-friendliness, and simplicity. ZnO especially has special attention due to its excellent antibacterial nature. In addition to these properties, Zinc oxide nanoparticles were also found to be less toxic in in-vitro tests. In the current study we have chosen grape seed due to its protection against oxidative damage, and anti-cholesterol, anti-diabetic and antiplatelet properties.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to analyse the antioxidant activity of grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: Collected grape seeds were powdered and stored in an air-sealed container. 1g of grape seed extract was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and is boiled for 15 minutes. This solution is then filtered, to which 20 ml distilled water is added. To this solution 0.862 g of zinc oxide is added and was subjected to constant stirring untitled the formation of white suspension. This is centrifuged for 10 minutes and the antioxidant property against DPPH free radical scavenger is assessed.

Results: The percentage inhibition was only 43.8% when the concentration was 5 μl, at 10 μl it was 46.4%, at 15 μl it was 49.9%, at 20 μl it was 58.3% and at 25 μl it was 60.2%. It was observed from the spectra that the extract at 517 nm had highest radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 25 μl (60.2%), which is indicative of significant antioxidant activity as potent as DPPH itself.

Conclusion: The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the grape seed extract acts as a potent antioxidant agent with least side effects. Further clinical trials can be conducted in the future and can be used as a replacement to the commercially available drugs.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5334

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES - AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology is rapidly growing in various fields of science like medicinal, agricultural, physical and material sciences. Zinc oxide is used as an important ingredient in many enzymes, sun screens and ointments for pain. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are unique in that   they can be produced with high surface areas and with unusual wurtzite hexagonal crystal structures.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to analyse the antifungal activity of grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: The grape seed powder (Vitis vinifera) was acquired. An aqueous extract was prepared and mixed with zinc sulphate for zinc oxide nanoparticles formation and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. The extract was then placed in the well cultured agar plates against Candida albicans and incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC. The zones of inhibition were calculated.

Results: Grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles have good antifungal activity with the zone of inhibition of 16 mm in the highest concentration and it was compared with the fluconazole which showed a zone of inhibition of 30 mm.

Conclusion: The antifungal activity of grape seed extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles were studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal activity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5333

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LYCOPENE EXTRACT AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of lycopene extract against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Lycopene extract was prepared and the antimicrobial activity was tested against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans (gram +), and Lactobacillus sp. 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ( DPPH )radical scavenging assay was used to test antioxidant activity. 2 ml of lycopene extract in the concentration range of 10-50 μl was prepared, Absorbance value was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm.  To measure the antioxidant activity the DPPH radical scavenging assay was used. 2 ml of lycopene extract in the concentration range of 10-50 μl was prepared in 50% methanol solution and was added to equal volume of 0.1 mM of DPPH solution. The reaction mixture was incubated for 30 min in dark at room temperature. Absorbance value was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm.

Results: From present study we can infer that for antimicrobial activity the zone of inhibition of  lycopene at a concentration of 50 µl was 8 for S. mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida,  at concentration of 100 µl was 9,10 and 8 for S. mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida respectively, at concentration of 150 µl was 13,14 and 9 for S. mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida respectively. The zone inhibition of lycopene was maximum for lactobacillus at concentration of 150 µl.

Conclusion: Lycopene with increase in concentration has increased antioxidant activity but was comparatively less when compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Even Though lycopene didn’t have much antioxidant and antimicrobial activity compared to the standard ascorbic acid and amoxicillin antibiotic, it can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial drug in periodontics for the treatment of periodontal diseases without any side-effects like the chemical drugs which are used commonly.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5325

GREEN SYNTHESIS & CHARACTERISATION OF AMLA SEED MEDIATED GRAPHENE OXIDE - SILVER NANOCOMPOSITE - AN in vitro STUDY

 Aim: The present study centred on the green synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide, silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite-mediated amla seed characterization.

Materials and Methods: The extract of Amla seed was prepared. In the biosynthesis of silver, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposites, filtrate was used. After 24 hours of incubation, the samples were measured using UV-Visible spectrophotometry for their optimum absorbance. To obtain the synthesised silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles and GO-Ag nanocomposite, all the samples were then heat-dried. A high resolution transmission electron microscope was used to morphologically classify (TEM).

Results: AgNPs showed a change in colour from colourless to reddish brown, GO NPs showed a change in colour from brown to black, while GO-Ag nanocomposite changed from black to black strength. The formation of their respective nanoparticles is confirmed by this colour transition. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed a chain such as tubular GO NPs, spherical AgNPs & chain interspersed with spherical structures in GO-Ag nanocomposite with an average size of 50 - 100 nm, 2-50 nm, 150-200 nm respectively. The size and shape of nanoparticles were analysed.

Conclusion: Thus the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles and GO-Ag nanocomposites from Phyllanthus emblica seed extracts was effective.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5294