EVALUATION OF SALIVARY pH AND VIABILITY OF Streptococcus mutans AFTER CHEWING BETEL LEAVES – An in vivo STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: The stimulant, antiseptic, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of betel leaf have long been established in Indian traditional medicine. It has been used as an anti-caries agent in toothpastes and mouthwashes. Streptococcus mutans is the most common bacteria involved in caries pathogenesis.

The aim of this study is to see how chewing betel leaves affects salivary pH and the viability of Streptococcus mutans.

Materials and Methods: Before and after chewing betel leaves, 60 samples from 30 subjects were obtained. pH strips were used to determine the pH of the saliva. After that, saliva samples were diluted to a 1:160 ratio and streaked onto Mutans-Sanguis agar. The colonies were counted after the agar plates had been incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for MacOS, the data was then subjected to a Paired Sample T-Test (Version 21, 2020).

The number of colonies produced in the sample taken before chewing betel leaves was 41.90 on average, and 25.80 after chewing. (p=0.004; p0.05; statistically significant) Although the data was statistically insignificant, the average pH of the sample before chewing betel leaves was 5.995 and that of the sample after chewing betel leaves was 6.190. (p=0.081; p>0.05; statistically insignificant)

Conclusion: The bacterial colony count has decreased, suggesting that betel leaves have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. While the pH has risen slightly, the data remains statistically insignificant.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5612

CONTROLLING OF Streptococcus mutans AND Lactobacillus IN In-vitro USING HERBAL FORMULATION OF Ocimum sanctum AND Justicia adhatoda MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Introduction: Nanomedicine has enormous potential for improving human disease diagnosis and treatment. The use of microbes in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a process that is environmentally friendly. Nanoparticles come in a variety of shapes and sizes, including gold, silver, alloys, and magnetic particles. The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles are well known.

Tulsi leaves can be used to treat a variety of oral infections. This plant contains pyrochemical agents such as carvacrol and terpene. Justicia adathoda, also known as ‘Vasaka,' is an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and anti-oxidant with minimal cytotoxic and anti-oxidant properties.

Aim: To use herbal formulations of Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum santum mediated Silver Nanoparticles to control the activity of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in vitro.

1. To test the antibacterial activity of biosynthesised Ag nanoparticles with Adhatoda and tulsi.

2.To facilitate the biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles mediated by Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum santum over other artificially and chemically formed AgNps.

Materials and Methods: Dried leaf extracts of Tulasi and Justicia adhatoda were used as reducing agents in the synthesis of cost-effective and environmentally friendly silver nanoparticles, which were then tested against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. The activity of silver nanoparticles was monitored using UV-Visible spectroscopy, and the activity revealed significant inhibitory effects against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus.

Conclusion and Findings: The highest concentration of the extract, 150 l, was found to have the greatest zone of inhibition against both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. As a result, the extract was discovered to have potent antimicrobial properties. Between the wavelengths of 400 nm and 450 nm, the peak was highest. In the current study, AgNPs made from a combination of the herbs Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum santum showed significant antibacterial activity due to their potent inhibitory action against bacterial colonies.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5561

CONTROLLING Streptococcus mutans USING SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES MEDIATED THROUGH Symplocos racemosa | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 When left unsupervised, Streptococcus mutans (Sm), the harbinger of dental decay, is a pathogenic bacterium that has been linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. With the right inhibitory measures in place, we can reduce its role in exacerbating morbidity. The goal of our research was to look into the antibacterial potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) made from Symplocos racemosa (Sr).

Sr was pulverised and turned into a filtered herbal formulation. For the synthesis of nanoparticles, sodium selenite solution was added to it, and the mixture was kept in a magnetic stirrer. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterise the Se-NPs, which were then centrifuged until the final pellet was obtained. On a Muller-Hinton Agar plate, a fresh bacterial suspension of Sm was scattered. The plate was incubated at 37°C for 24 hours with Se-NP concentrations of (50, 100, and 150) l in each well. The zones of inhibition were measured using antibiotics as a control.

Following the synthesis of Se-NPs, there was a visible colour change. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterise the prepared particles, and a peak at 280 nm was discovered. With an increase in Se-NP concentration, the inhibition zones grew larger. The antibacterial control was followed by 150 L of our Se-NPs, which was the most effective against Sm.

Conclusion: Sr-derived Se-NPs are effective antibacterial agents against Sm. They're non-toxic, quick, and simple to make, and they could be an inexpensive way to control Sm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5557

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING Maranta arundinacea AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Nanoparticles are a special category of materials with particular characteristics and in many fields have broad applications. Arrowroot is a starch that is derived from many tropical plant rhizomes, usually Maranta arundinacea, and also contains strong medicinal and antimicrobial properties. Hence, Maranta arundinacea synthesis ZnO nanoparticles are the field of focus here.

Materials and Methods: Arrow root extract preparation: Fresh arrowroot powder has been obtained from the market. One gramme of arrow root powder extract that has been freshly collected is mixed with 100 ml of water and boiled for three to five minutes. Using filter paper, this mixture is filtered.

Preparation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: In 50ml of distilled water, 0.861g of Zinc Sulphate is applied. An extract of this arrow root has been added. The solution was combined with plant extract and the ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using it.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity: antibacterial and antimicrobial activity The green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles has been evaluated against oral pathogens S.mutans, Lactobacillus, C. Albicans. Albicans.

Observation: The inhibition zone for zinc oxide nanoparticles was observed and it was calculated that the antifungal activity of the zinc oxide nanoparticles against Candida albicans was large. The nanoparticles of zinc oxide have also been found to provide greater antibacterial activity than the typical drug used.

Results: As a consequence, it is clear that nanoparticles of zinc oxide had greater antimicrobial activity and this is preferred for the next generation to be used as the drug of preference.

Goal: The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Maranta arundinacea-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles.


Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5372

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CINNAMON - CLOVE MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Streptococcus mutans | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: There are protective properties of cinnamon and clove against oral pathogens. Streptococcus mutans is responsible for the creation of cavities. Synthetic drugs were used to the full and the scientific area in terms of medicine was taken over by newer nanoparticles. As they appear to have little or no side effect on human health, herbal extracts contained abundantly need to be used more.

Aim: This research was conducted to test the antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans of Cinnamon-Clove mediated Silver nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: We procured herbal powders. After maximum activity was noted by UV spectroscopy, an aqueous extract was prepared and centrifugated. The inoculated culture plates were added to different volumes of the Silver nanoparticles containing Cinnamon and Clove combinations. The inhibition zones were measured using the technique of disc diffusion.

Results: Cinnamon-Clove mediated Silver nanoparticles had the highest amount of good antibacterial activity (10 mm inhibition zone) and this property was greater than that of widely used antibiotics (Amoxicillin-8 mm).

Conclusion: Cinnamon and Clove mediated Silver nanoparticles were examined and good antibacterial efficacy was indicated by their wider inhibition zones and this property was shown to be similar to an antibiotic. This new formulation for use against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, which is positively correlated with dental caries and periodontal disorders, can be integrated into mouthwashes and probiotic lozenges.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5348

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Symploccous racemosa MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Streptococcus mutans | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Symploccocus racemosa plants are very useful in various aspects of pharmacology. The copper nanoparticles are smaller in size, providing the microbes with a wide surface area for interaction. The CuNPs were being tested by SEM, TEM for finding the copper nano particles. To assess the activity of the CuNPs on Streptococcus mutans, anti-bacterial activity was carried out.

Materials and methods: preparation of the root extract: fresh lodhra bark was extracted and ground until the fine powder was made. They mixed 1 g of this powder with 100 ml of distilled water. The extract was boiled in the heating mantle for 3 to 5 minutes and was filtered.

CuNP preparation: 0.861 g of copper sulphate powder was added and added to 50 ml of distilled water; the extract of the lodhra bark was added. In a shaker, the solution was held and the readings were taken.

Antibacterial activity: on the surface of the Muller Hington agar plates, fresh bacterial suspension has been dispersed. The different concentrations of CuNPs were incorporated into the wells and incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius.

Result and Discussion: On each plate, the diameter of the inhibition zone was registered. The change in colour was suggestive of CuNP formation and was further confirmed by the UV-vis spectrophotometer.

Conclusion: CuNPs mediated with sensitizedlodhra bark showed high antibacterial activity against S. Among other oral pathogenes, mutans. These nanoparticles can be used in further studies to cure diseases, as they can be effective in the management of sensitive microorganisms.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5339

ALTERATION IN SALIVARY pH AND VIABILITY OF Streptococcus mutans BEFORE AND AFTER CHEWING TULSI (Ocimum sanctum) AND BETEL (Piper betle) LEAVES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Dental caries is the most common non-communicable disease worldwide and it occurs due to interaction of host, agent and environmental factors. Host factors includes salivary pH, composition, tooth morphology etc. The most common commensal that is associated with dental caries are S. mutans and lactobacillus.  The primary treatment for dental caries involves removal of the carious lesion and filling with a restorable material which is costly and puts a financial burden. This brings attention to alternative preventable and treatment options that are economical, safe, and effective.

Aim: To assess the alteration in the salivary pH and viability of Streptococcus mutans before and after chewing betel and tulsi leaves.

Materials and Materials: The study was carried out on 30 patients. Two samples were collected per patient, one before(sample 1) and one after chewing tulsi and betel leaves (sample 2), respectively. The change in pH and viability of S. mutans was assessed. The obtained data was exported to excel and later in SPSS software and the paired t-test was done with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

Results: The results obtained from the study showed a statistically significant change in the pH of the samples, where the mean pH of sample 1 was 7 and that of sample 2 was 6.6 (p> 0.05, statistically significant). Also, there was a statistically significant decrease in the colony count of S.mutans after chewing Tulsi and Betel leaves and the mean colonies produced before chewing (sample 1) was 60 CFU and that after chewing  Tulsi and Betel leaves  (sample 2) was 43 CFU (p>0.05, statistically significant).

Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, the results obtained showed a statistical difference in both salivary pH and viability of S. mutans before and after chewing Tulsi and Betel leaves. There was a decrease in the pH and increased antibacterial activity after chewing Tulsi and Betel leaves. Seeing the potentials of Tulsi and Betel leaves, employment of these can be taken into consideration for the prevention of dental caries.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5323