PREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF Candida spp. ISOLATED FROM VULVOVAGINITIS IN BAGHDAD, IRAQ | Journal of Disease and Global Health

 Candida species-induced vulvovaginitis is a widespread fungal infection among adult and pregnant women. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans (VVC). The participants in the study were 250 women ranging in age from 17 to 45 years old who were attending specialist hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. Candida spp. was detected using standard methods and biochemical tests after vaginal smears were cultured on selective chrome agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was also used to identify isolates, with the universal ITS4 area primer and species-specific primers. There were 141 (56.4%) yeast isolates from the 250 vaginal smears obtained, with 81 (57.4%) Candida albicans and 60 (42.6%) non-albicans. Candida albicans was the most common Candida species (57.4 percent), followed by C. glabrata (20.6 percent), C. tropicalis (13.5 percent), and C. krusei (12.5%). Candida spp. were identified by PCR, which verified the primary identification by biochemical tests. The internal transcript spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 primers produced amplification products of 402 bp in the PCR assays for C. albicans in the examined samples and a high sensitivity to molecular detection for Candida species other than albicans among the local isolates. Finally, the high prevalence of Candida isolates among Iraqi female Vulvovaginitis patients highlights the importance of frequent candidiasis screening and evaluation in Iraqi hospitals.

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ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL Fusarium oxysporum FROM SUMAC PLANT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Rhus coriaria Sumacs L. As a food spice, food colourant and preservative, it has long been used and is now used in cosmetics, medicines and in the animal leather industry. 

Fungi infecting this plant were isolated and identified by morphological and molecular methods, particularly by PCR and ITS region sequencing for the most dominant isolates.

The isolation results showed that the highest frequency of Fusarium oxysporum was 27%, followed by Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria sp. With frequency rates of 23%, 20%, 16% and 10% respectively, whereas the Verticillium dahlia and Cephalosprum sp. With a pace of 2 percent for both, they were the least common.

New Fusarium oxysporum isolates that were registered with the GeneBank database were discovered by sequencing.

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ISOLATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp.) FROM DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHEESE AVAILABLE IN MARKET OF CHATTOGRAM IN BANGLADESH

Cheese is a solid, fresh or ripened product obtained by adding the enzyme rennet in the presence of lactic acid produced by the adventitious microorganisms that causes coagulation and whey separation of milk, cream or partly skimmed milk, buttermilk. Cheeses of different types especially soft and semi-soft are suspected to the presence of pathogenic E. coli and Staphylococcus sp. which are harmful for public health. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the qualities of cheese collected from super-shops of Chattogram. A total of 15 cheese samples were collected from three super-shops of Chattogram. Among 15 cheese samples, the S3 sample collected from shop-B had the highest bacterial load (1.80×107 cfu/ml) than those in shop-A and shop-C. Isolation of pathogenic E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. was done by using selective media. Four out of the total 15 cheese samples were found to be contaminated with E. coli (26.67%) while ten were detected as contaminated with Staphylococcus sp. (67%). The antibiotic susceptibility test was done to detect susceptibility to selective antibiotics. E. coli and Staphylococcus sp. showed almost 100% resistant behavior to ampicillin, amoxycilin, tetracycline and 50% sensitivity of E. coli to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin while for Staphylococcus sp. sensitivity to gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin was 27.27%, 90.91%, 18.18% respectively. The screening for shiga-toxin strains in E. coli isolates was based on the detection of the two genes stx1 & stx2 and tetracycline resistant strains of E. coli were detected for Tet A, Tet B & Tet C genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The screening for methicillin resistant in Staphylococcus sp. isolates was based on the detection of the mecA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In conclusion, the risk of pathogenic bacteria is higher in cheese if safety measures not maintained & could pose a massive health risk.

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