ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF AMLA SEED MEDIATED GRAPHENE OXIDE, SILVER NANOPARTICLE & Go-Ag NANOPARTICLE - AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The study's goal was to make Amla seed-mediated silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposite and test their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity of amla seed mediated graphene oxide nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles, as well as GO-Ag nanocomposite, is then determined using the Brine shrimp lethality assay.

Amla seed extract was prepared using the following materials and methods. Silver, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposites were biosynthesised using the filtrate. The samples were measured for maximum absorbance using UV-Visible spectrophotometry after 24 hours of incubation. To produce the synthesised silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposite, all of the samples were heat dried. Various concentrations of biosynthesized Amla seed mediated silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposite (50,100,150 g/ml) were tested for antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity of different nanoparticle concentrations was determined using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay.

The colour of AgNPs changed from colourless to reddish brown, the colour of GO NPs changed from brown to black, and the colour of GO-Ag nanocomposite changed from black to a darker intensity of black. The formation of their respective nanoparticles is confirmed by the colour change. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans.

Lactobacillus (150 ug/ml – 17 mm zone of inhibition) and Lactobacillus (150 ug/ml – 20 mm zone of inhibition) all showed 20% lethality at a concentration of 25 ul. Graphene oxide nanoparticles have strong antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus (150 ug/ml – 20 mm zone of inhibition) and demonstrated 40% lethality at a concentration of 25 ul. The antibacterial activity of the GO-Ag nanocomposite was negligible against all of the test organisms, with 10% lethality at 20 and 25 ul. Antibacterial activity against Candida albicans was limited in all three nanoparticles (9 mm Zone of Inhibition).

Conclusion: Amla fruit seed extracts were used to make silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposites. Silver, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and the GO-Ag nanocomposite all had a strong antibacterial impact against oral pathogens while causing minimal cytotoxicity.

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MELATONIN REGULATES ANTIOXIDANT GENE EXPRESSION IN SOYBEAN Glycine max (L.) MERR | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Melatonin has been described as a pleiotropic molecule that modulates important intercellular signalling pathways, especially under stressful conditions. The current research looked into the role of melatonin in regulating the expression of the CAT and SOD genes in four soybean varieties. The morphologic data showed significant differences between the varieties studied. Furthermore, all of the studied traits were positively affected by the investigated melatonin concentrations to some extent. This has been linked to the up-regulation of CAT and SOD gene expression caused by the use of melatonin to some extent. Giza 111 was the superior and most responsive variety to changes in melatonin concentration in terms of morphological characteristics. However, there is no noticeable difference between the highest concentration of 300 M and the lowest concentration of 200 M. Notably, the response pattern discovered by the two genes in the presence of melatonin appeared to be genotype-dependent. As a result, more research involving antioxidant enzymes assays may be required for a more precise assessment of melatonin's physiological role.

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COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL FUNCTIONALIZATION AND CEMENTATION UNION TECHNIQUES FOR THE FRICTIONAL IMPLANT-ABUTMENT CONNECTION: ANALYSIS OF MARGINAL ADAPTATION AND TENSILE STRENGTH | Asian Journal of Research in Biology

 Technical complications, such as gaps in the implant-abutment (IA) connections and abutment retention, may occur when the implant and prosthesis (abutment) are connected. The aim of this research was to examine the IA frictional connection as well as its bond strength when activated with and without cementation. Two groups of IA mounts were assessed using images obtained with a stereomicroscope in an in vitro laboratory experiment. Nine implants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group I (GI), which received a conventionally activated attachment ball prosthesis, and Group II (GII), which received dual resin cement before the abutment was activated. Shapiro-Wilk test and F test were used for gap analysis and tensile strength testing, followed by t test. There was a distinction in the gaps between the groups. Despite the fact that Group II's gaps grew in size, its bond strength was greater than Group I's. Even with the increase in gaps, the cementation appears to have affected the increase in bond strength in the implant-abutment relationship.

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GENETIC ASSOCIATION AMONG MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF Zea mays UNDER HEAVY METAL STRESS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Heavy metal toxicity has an impact on plant growth, human and animal health, microbial activity, and other factors. Heavy metals have had a negative impact on plant metabolism and physiological activities. Because heavy metals cannot be destroyed or degraded, they accumulate in plants and cause toxic effects when their concentrations are exceeded. The purpose of this study was to see how heavy metal toxicity affected Zea mays growth and associated characteristics. During the study, five different Zea mays seed varieties (30Y87, 31R88, Neelum, Pak Afghoi, and White Corn) were used. Cr and Mn were prepared in various concentrations (0, 0.25 M, and 0.50 M). With an 8-day interval between treatments, all varieties were treated with Cr and Mn independently and in combination. During the study, three replications of each treatment were carried out. Different morphological traits in roots, stems, and leaves were documented. Statistical tools such as stepwise linear regression and person's correlation were used to compare treatment means. Dry leaf weight with dry stem weight, root diameter with leaf area, dry root weight with dry stem weight, stem diameter with plant height, dry stem weight with fresh stem weight, fresh leaf weight with fresh root weight, fresh stem weight with plant height, and leaf area with plant height all had greater and important correlations. According to regression analysis, dry leaf weight has a large and positive contribution to plant height. Plant height had the accumulative medium coefficient of determination (51.77 percent) or R2, while fresh leaf weight had the high coefficient of determination (R2) (96.29 percent ).

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GREEN PREPARATION OF NANO COPPER (Cu) WITH NANO GRAPHENE OXIDE (GO) NANO COMPOSITE CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST ORAL AEROBIC PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Because it does not use any harmful agents, green nanoparticle synthesis is a cost-effective and safe method of synthesis. Copper is known for its antibacterial properties, and graphene oxide is known for its barrier and structural strength, so these materials were selected to make a nanocomposite.

The study's goal was to combine green nano copper preparation and characterization with nano graphene oxide nanocomposite characterization and antimicrobial activity.

Materials and Methods: This is an in vitro experiment. A green preparation technique was used to create the nanocomposite. Copper and graphene oxide nano-composite were made using extract from the amla fruit. A TEM scan and UV-Visible spectrometric analysis were used to characterise the prepared copper and graphene oxide nanocomposite. The antimicrobial activity was tested against the microorganisms that are most commonly found in the mouth. For the antimicrobial evaluation of nanocomposite, inhibition zones were measured for Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans at different concentrations.

At a concentration of 150 L, the nanocomposite demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against three oral aerobic microbes.

Conclusion: Within the scope of the study, copper and graphene oxide nanocomposite has promising antibacterial properties, but more cytotoxicity studies are needed before the composite can be incorporated into dental materials.

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RESPONSE OF SOME VARIETIES OF Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP CULTIVATED IN SOUTHERN IRAQ TO DIFFERENT METHODS OF ADDITION AND CONCENTRATIONS OF HUMIC ACID IN GROWTH AND YIELD | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The experiment was conducted in the autumn of 2019 to see how three cowpea (Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp) varieties responded to humic acid concentrations and addation methods on growth and yield. (Ramshorn, TSD, and Biader) varieties of cowpea were used. Humic acid at concentrations of 0, 2, and 4 mL liter-1 was applied through foliar spray and ground irrigation. With three replicates, the experiment was set up in a divided plot configuration. At the 0.05 level of likelihood, mean values were compared using L.S.D. In response to different concentrations of humic acid, the varieties vary greatly in growth parameters such as plant height and lateral branchees, as well as yield parameters such as green pods and soft seeds. For both addation processes, the highest concentration of humic acid was 4 mL liter-1 in all varieties. The application of ground irrigation was superior to foliar spray application. When it came to humic acid concentrations and applications, the Bayader variety performed better.

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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Phyllanthus emblica & Cinnamomum verum FORMULATION MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) are a form of nanoparticle that has antibacterial properties and is toxic to disease-causing bacteria. This is due to the influence of surface enhancement, which causes nanocrystalline materials to become more reactive. Antimicrobial properties increase by more than 99 percent when particles are in the nanometer range, which has been linked to form, scale, and functional groups in nanoparticles. Due to its low cost and environmental compatibility, as well as the absence of toxins and harmful substances, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using herbal products has gotten a lot of publicity.

The aim was to test the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles made from Phyllanthus emblica and Cinnamomum verum fruit formulations against oral pathogens.

Conical flask, distilled water, filter paper, fruit extract powder, and petri-disks were used in this experiment.

Our findings revealed strong antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. The diameter of the zone of inhibition found during antibacterial activity evaluation suggests that staphylococcus aureus has the most activity, followed by Lactobacillus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. AgNPS may bind to the cell membrane's surface, disrupting permeability and respiration association functions. Morenos et al. speculate that AgNPS may enter bacteria cells and cause damage by interacting with DNA.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that AgNPS derived from Phyllanthus emblica and Cinnamomum verum have antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. As a result, by mixing it into toothpaste and mouthwash, it can be used as an important therapeutic agent against a variety of oral diseases.

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Dillenia indica AS AN ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC ELEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Dillenia indica (family=Dilleniaceae) is a tropical evergreen tree that is found almost everywhere. All parts of the plant (fruit, leaf, stem, and bark) are edible and have been used as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments since ancient times. Flavonoids and antioxidants, as well as other phytocomponents such as quercetin, lupeol, -sitosterol, butellin, terpenoids, stigmasterol, tannin, steroids, and others, have been found in D. indica and have the potential to cope with reactive species and push the weakened cellular condition to survivability. Hyperglycemia is the first stage of rapid glucose absorption and insulin resistance, which leads to altered/impaired insulin action and, eventually, complications of Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this analysis is to highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying hyperglycemia, as well as D. indica's efficacy and anti-hyperglycemic properties.

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GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE USING Phyllanthus emblica AND Cinnamomum verum EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Phyllanthus emblica is a small to medium-sized tree that produces greenish yellow fruits. Vitamin C is abundant in Phyllanthus emblica. It has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of toothache, gingival inflammation, and other forms of ulcers due to its high antioxidant content. Due to their peculiar properties such as surface enhanced scattering and thermal conductivity, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as one of the most promising nanoparticles. Nanotechnology refers to a wide range of technologies, methods, and processes that deal with matter at the nanoscale, which ranges from 1 nanometer to 100 nanometers in size. The aim of the research is to make silver nanoparticles from Phyllanthus emblica and Cinnamomum verum and characterise their properties using a transmission electron microscope.

Materials and Methods: The herbal treatment centre provided Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and Cinnamomum verum powder. A conical flask containing 50 ml of distilled water was filled with 0.5 grammes of both extracts. The extract was then heated at 60°C for 7-8 minutes using a heating mantle, and 10 ml of the plant extract was mixed with 90 ml distilled water, along with 0.0169 grammes of silver nitrate, and put in a shaker for uniform distribution. The colour change was observed every hour for two days. The nanoparticle was characterised using the TEM analysis process.

The effect of varying reaction parameters such as temperature, PH, and reactant concentration on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Amla and cinnamon fruit extract was investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy of AgNPs. This method produces stable, spherical silver nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5 to 45 nanometers.

Conclusion: Using an Amla and cinnamon formulation, the current study was effective in synthesising plant-mediated silver nanoparticles. The majority of the silver nanoparticles synthesised were spherical in shape and ranged in size from 5-45 nm.

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EFFECTS OF WEATHER PARAMETERS ON INCIDENCE OF SUCKING PESTS AND THEIR PREDATORS ON COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The current study was designed to assess the impact of environmental factors (wind speed, temperature, and humidity) on various sucking insect predators in the Multan region of Pakistan. The study took place between 2014 and 2016, during the cotton growing season. Throughout the cropping season, the number of larvae, adults of sucking pests such as thrips, dusky bugs, white fly, Jassid, and their predators (Argiope, Geocoris, Chrysoperla) were counted. Readings of wind speed, temperature, and humidity were obtained from an internet source and checked by the meteorological department. The data was analysed and the importance of these parameters was determined using one-way ANOVA. Wind speed, temperature, and humidity had no effect on the eggs and adults of thrips, dusky bug, Jassid, and white fly. Environmental factors seemed to have less of an effect on these pests in the study region. The current findings revealed that environmental factors had no effect on sucking pest eggs or adults.

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ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CORIANDER OLEORESIN MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of selenium nanoparticles mediated by Coriander Oleoresin.

Materials and Methods: Coriander oleoresin-mediated Selenium nanoparticles were made by combining 0.5 mL Coriander Oleoresin extract with 0.519 g sodium selenite in 99.5 mL distilled water. For nanoparticle synthesis, the reaction mixture was held in an orbital shaker with magnetic stirrer. Color shift indicated the formation of selenium nanoparticles, which was confirmed using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antiinflammatory activity of coriander oleoresin mediated selenium nanoparticles was assessed using an albumin denaturation inhibitory assay.

Discussion and Conclusions: The presence of selenium nanoparticles was demonstrated by a colour shift in the reaction mixture, which was verified by UV-Visible spectroscopy with a peak at 320nm. The anti-inflammatory activity of coriander oleoresin mediated selenium nanoparticles was dose dependent. At 50 L of selenium nanoparticles, the maximum inhibitory effect of 90 percent on protein denaturation was observed.

Conclusion: The synthesis of selenium nanoparticles in a green manner was simple and straightforward. The researchers concluded that Coriander Oleoresin-mediated Selenium nanoparticles had strong anti-inflammatory activity and thus could be used for a healthy and environmentally friendly selenium nanoparticle synthesis for inflammatory conditions.

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THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER SALINITY ON THE GROWTH OF CERTAIN CULTIVARS OF Curcumas melo VAR. FLEXUOSUSIS IN GREENHOUSES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 An agricultural experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse belonging to the Al-Faris firm in the Zubair district during the winter season, 2020. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on the growth of 21 cultivars of Cucumis melo var flexuosusis. During the experiment, efforts were made to integrate 42 factoring treatments, resulting from the use of two samples of irrigation water salinity: 1.0 dS m-1 and 5.0 dS m-1. Twenty-one cultivars of the Cucumis melo var flexuosusis. 16 produced locally and 5 imported, were treated with the two irrigation water samples. The results of the study showed that water salinity caused a meaningful increase in the high in plant, increasing Carbohydrates concentrations in the leaf's. Moreover, there was a meaningful increase in the net weight of the produce, calculated as follows: 4.95%, 45.49%, 15.40% and 23.60% respectively, in comparison to those cultivars irrigated with normal water. While the salinity was not significantly affected by leaf area, total chlorophyll. As to cultivars, it was noted that they reacted substantially differently, affecting all variables covered by the study. The following cultivars performed significantly better in terms of their productivity: Al-Masri, Diyali, Kirkuk and Mouseli, scored the following values 5.067, 4.981, 4.610 kg.m-2 respectively in comparison to other cultivars. Interestingly, the interaction of the two factors had a significant effect on the bulk of variables covered by the study. Thus, the Diyali cultivars, irrigated by salty water yielded the highest production, namely 5.616 kg per sq meter whereas the other cultivars, including Takrit, which is irrigated by fresh water, yielded the least productivity, not exceeding 2.505 kg.m-2 per sm.

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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY Justicia adhotoda AND Ocimum sanctum FORMULATION USING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICRSCOPY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biological synthesis requires the reduction of metal ion stabilisation using a number of species. Since plants have a wide range of strong reducing ability, they are an excellent source of silver nanoparticles (Ag Nps). The in vitro synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts such as Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) mixture demonstrates that biological synthesis is the most applicable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly process. The current study describes the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in an in vitro setting using plant extracts from Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum sanctum, as well as their characterization using TEM.

The aim of this study is to use TEM to prepare and characterise silver nanoparticles made from Justicia adhotoda and Ocimum sanctum herbal formulations.

Green Synthesis was used to synthesise these nanoparticles, which included using plant extracts from Ocimum sanctum and Justicia adhatoda, followed by characterization using UV-Visible spectroscopy and TEM.

The surface resonance was estimated at 10-35 nm, which is consistent with the formation of silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by TEM images, which showed hexagonal shapes. AgNps come in a range of sizes, including spherical and triangle-shaped nanoparticles with a size of 10-60 nm. The silver nanoparticles were naturally crystalline, with a UV absorbance of about 320 nm.

Conclusion: The antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antiinflammatory effects of this formulation can be researched in the future thanks to the TEM characterisation of silver nanoparticles. This innovative formulation may provide new insight into a range of biomedical applications.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5541