SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTY OF HYDROXYCITRIC ACID MEDIATED ZINC NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Aim: To evaluate hydroxy citric acid mediated ZnNp and it’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Introduction: Hydroxy citric acid is a chemical that is found in fruit rinds of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, and Garcinia atroviridis, but very abundant in cambogia species. Hydroxy citric acid is used to improve exercise performance and weight loss. Zinc nanoparticles have a large surface area relative to their size and high catalytic activity. Hydroxycitric acid [HCA] is a derivative of citric acid that is found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The use of HCA is contraindicated in patients suffering Colitis or Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Materials and Methods: Biosynthesis and characterization of Hydroxycitric acid mediated Zinc Nanoparticle using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy, to evaluate its biological property Anti Inflammatory activity was analyzed by protein denaturation assay.

Results and Discussion: Hydroxycitric acid in zinc nanoparticles had a nanoparticle size ranging from 10-100 nm and it also showed a very good anti-inflammatory activity when compared with that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug.

Conclusion: The study concludes that hydroxy citric acid mediated in zinc nanoparticles shows a very good anti-inflammatory property and further research could be carried out for further investigations of hydroxy citric acid mediated in zinc nanoparticles in Pharmacology.

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GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING TAMARIND EXTRACT AND ITS ALPHA AMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Aim: To synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONP) using tamarind extract, and determine the in-vitro α- Amylase inhibitory activity of the CuONP.

Introduction: Tamarindus indica L., commonly known as Tamarind tree, Leguminosae (Fabaceae), is one of the most important multipurpose tropical fruit found in Indian subcontinent. Plant materials are recently used for the synthesis of nanoparticles as it is eco-friendly. Tamarind being a versatile plant with many known activities was used in this study for the synthesis of CuO NP. The in vitro α- amylase inhibitory activity was also assessed.

Materials and Methods: Copper oxide nanoparticle was synthesised using copper sulphate. Briefly, 1.11 g of tamarind fruit pulp concentrate was mixed with 100 mL of water to obtain a solution .To prepare CuSO₄ solution_,0.318 g of CuSO₄ powder was dissolved in  50 mL distilled water and 50 ml of the previously prepared tamarind  fruit pulp solution was added to the 50 mL of CuSO4 solution and the mixture was kept in an orbital shaker for the formation of nanoparticles. The prepared tamarind fruit pulp mediated CuO NP was evaluated for its antidiabetic activity by assessing its alpha -amylase inhibitory effect. 

Results and Discussion: The formation of CuO NP was initially observed by the color change was further confirmed by UV -Visible spectrometer.  The percentage inhibition was 87.4, 88.6, 88.9, 89.1, 89.4 and 89.7 for concentrations of 10,20,30,40,50 and control (acarbose)  respectively. The tamarind fruit pulp mediated CuO NP showed a dose dependent α-amylase inhibitory activity with a maximum inhibitory of 89.6 % compared to control, acarbose, at 50 uL.

Conclusion: The green synthesis CuO NPs using tamarind fruit pulp was simple, relatively   easy and eco- friendly. The α-amylase inhibitory effect of the CuO NPs suggests its possible use as additive or adjuvant for anti-diabetic drugs because uncontrolled hyperglycemia is the major reason for later stage diabetic complications.

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EFFECT OF AUXINS (IAA, IBA AND NAA) ON CLONAL PROPAGATION OF Solanum procumbens STEM CUTTINGS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Solanum procumbens Lour. is a precious medicinal plant with plenty applications in medicine and pharmacy. Auxin is a plant hormone which is critical to the induction and growth of roots of cuttings. In this study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of indole acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the rooting and sprouting of S. procumbens stem cuttings. The experiment involved four distinctive concentrations of IAA (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm), IBA (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) and IBA + NAA (250 + 250, 500 + 500, 750 + 750 and 1000 + 1000 ppm) along with the control group used to treat S. procumbens cuttings. The experiment applied the randomized complete block (RCB) method with 3 replications. The results showed that IAA, IBA and NAA had a remarkable influence on rooting and sprouting abilities of S. procumbens cuttings. The best records of sprouting rate (92.34%), root number (32.25), root length (6.8 cm), root weight (0.574 g), sprout length (11.7 cm) and leaf-pair number (7.5) were obtained in cuttings treated with IBA at 500 ppm. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of auxins wore off as their concentrations increased. In general, this study emphasizes that IBA at 500 ppm is the most effective auxin in terms of stimulating rooting and sprouting in S. procumbens cuttings. The results of the study also promise to create a supply of high-quality S. procumbens seedlings for gardeners.

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EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND AQUA ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF Caesalpinia bonducella SEEDS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Aim and Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about three-quarters of the world population depends on traditional medicines (mainly herbs) for their healthcare. Caesalpinia bonducella (Caesalpiniaceae) is a plant well known for its medicinal value in Indian Ayurveda. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds.

Materials and Methods: The Caesalpinia bonducella seeds, the shade dried seed, were powdered with an electric grinder. The anti-inflammatory activity of Caesalpinia bonducella was studied by means of albumin denaturation assay. The aqueous extract of dried plant seeds was made in the distilled water. The filtrate was concentrated by boiling it until concentrated methanolic extract was obtained. Absorbance values were measured using UV spectrophotometer and the respective %  inhibition values were calculated using the formula.

Results and Discussion: At 10 μl and 20 μl concentrations the aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds showed a higher %inhibition value and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to aqua-alcoholic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds and diclofenac, at 30 μl and 40 μl concentrations the aqua-alcoholic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds showed a higher %inhibition value and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds and diclofenac and at 50 μl concentration which is highest concentration, diclofenac showed a higher %inhibition value and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to aqueous and aqua-alcoholic extracts of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds.

Conclusion: The results obtained in this study indicate that Caesalpinia bonducella seeds possess concentration dependent anti-inflammatory activity and have therapeutic potential for the prevention of acute and chronic inflammation.

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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTI-BIOFILM FORMATION ON Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM TONSILLITIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The aim of this study was to find out how common antibiotic resistance is in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using phenotypic and genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance genes using PCR techniques. From March to May 2019, a total of 72 tonsillitis clinical samples were collected from AL-Hakeem Hospital and AL-Sadder Medical City in AL-Najaf province. According to the results of this analysis, 20/55 (36.36%) of isolates were classified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a cultural, microscopic, biochemical, and automated compact vitek-2 device with GN-ID card. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested on twenty isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial strength levels of the 20 isolates were Norfloxaxin (96.1%), Ciprofloxacin (96.1%), Tobromycin (92.3%), and Nalidixic acid (92.3%), according to the results of the current analysis (76.9 percent ). Gentemycin (30.7 percent) and Cefotaxim (30.7 percent) were found to have a moderate strength quality (30.7 percent ). Tetracycline and amoxicillin had the lowest resistance rates (3.8 percent and 11.5 percent, respectively). Out of the 14 isolates that yield positive results in Congo red agar for biofilm formation, 10/14 (71.4%) were positive for the pslG gene, according to the findings.

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ESTIMATION OF WEDELOLACTONE IN Eclipta prostrata (L.) L BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AFTER MICROBIAL TREATMENTS AT TWO LEVELS OF WATER AVAILABILITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Wedelolactone levels in methanolic extracts of E. prostrata were determined using Bacillus megaterium (B), Trichoderma harzianum (T), Funneliformis mosseae (F), and consortia of F.mosseaeand T. harzianum (FT), 5. B. megaterium and T. harzianum (BT), 6. F. mosseae and B. megaterium (FB The process described above produces repeatable, high-resolution, reliable, and cost-effective results. Under both drought and irrigated soil conditions, the wedelolactone level in E. prostrata was found to be higher after treatment with microbial consortia of Funelliformis mosseae and Bacillus megaterium (FB). In comparison to irrigated soil, drought increased the concentration of wedelolactone in plants. After treating FB with drought stress, the maximum amount of wedelolactone was discovered.

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CLIMATE SENSITIVITY OF RICE CROP IN INDIA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The study uses district-level panel data from 1998-99 to 2013-14 to look at the vulnerability of rice crop producers in India to climate change before 2100AD. According to the report, the mean maximum temperature is on the rise and will have a negative impact on rice crop net revenue, especially in Northeast India. The fallouts also expect a substantial decrease in net revenue from rice cultivation, with the highest decline in the North area and a net revenue decline of 20.04 percent across India (when compared to the base period, i.e., 2013-14). In Peninsular India (63.95%), the decline was more pronounced than in other parts of the world. The deductions indicate that rice crop net revenue in the North and Peninsular regions decreased by 1.69 percent and 22.58 percent, respectively, during the first decadal interval (2020-40), with a decline in the rate of loss over the subsequent decadal intervals. The study advocates for increasing rice crop net crop revenue by increasing production through short-duration, climate-responsive varieties on the one hand, and lowering rice crop cultivation costs on the other. To deal with the harmful anthropogenic effects of climate change, the results call for the expansion of micro-irrigation projects and rainwater harvesting on a larger scale. The study also predicted a non-uniform decline in rice crop net revenue over four climatic scenarios per decadal interval.

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CYTOTOXICITY OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING DRIED GINGER | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Copper nanoparticles are used in a wide range of fields, including medicine, agriculture, and engineering, to name a few. This biotechnology incorporates biological concepts of physical and chemical properties to create nano-sized particles with unusual properties. The quality of being harmful to cells is known as cytotoxicity. The goal of this study was to look at the cytotoxicity of copper nanoparticles made from dried ginger. Copper nanoparticles were synthesised using a green method and characterised using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the dried ginger induced copper nanoparticles at various concentrations. The findings showed that copper nanoparticles made from dried ginger had lower toxicity when used at lower concentrations. As a result, different nano-formulations of dried ginger mediated copper nanoparticles can be produced at optimal concentrations for safe and cost-effective therapeutics.

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ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF MULTI- STRESS AFFECTED Zingiber officinale PLANT EXTRACTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Roscoe belongs to the Zingiberacea genus, and the plant ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a perennial herb with dense and tuberous rhizomes. Plants have long been used in the preparation of traditional medicines, and those drugs were made from locally cultivated wild plants. The aim of this study was to see how effective E. elatior flower's methanol extract was against a variety of disease-causing fungi and bacteria, as well as to look into antimicrobial sources and report on antioxidant activities and phytochemical screaming tests.

Methodology: All experiments were carried out at the University of Lahore's biotechnology and plant science laboratories. Using an ethanol extraction system, an N-hexane extraction system, and a rotary evaporator for aqueous extraction. n-hexane, ethanol, whitman filter paper, nutrient agar, SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar), distilled water, and nutrient Broth were all used in this experiment or reagent analysis and were given as follows: n-hexane, ethanol, whitman filter paper, nutrient agar, SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar), distilled water, and nutrient The extracts were held in autoclaved 25 mL McCartney bottles in a 4°C refrigerator until they were required. Prior to storage, the bottles were carefully labelled and labelled correctly.

The antifungal efficacy of Zingiber officinale was assessed against multiple forms of pathogens with different concentrations such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger, as well as the positive controls. Disc diffusion is used to apply all forms of fungus to various fungus cultures. First and foremost, we remove the rhizome under fungus regulation. Rhizome extract provides the best results in zone of inhibition in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus (17 mm and 17.5 mm, respectively), but other forms of fungi species also provide good results.

Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of n-hexane extract prepared from ginger rhizome was dose dependent in this analysis (Zingiber officinale). Along with the positive controls, there were four bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Aceromonas, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aceromonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed the highest antibacterial activity, which was higher than the positive regulation, Zingiber officinale. The minimum antibacterial ethanol extraction, on the other hand, was discovered against Escherichia coli. Inhibition areas were not visible in the positive regulation.

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EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF FRUIT MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this research is to make zinc oxide nanoparticles from Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum, measure their antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and see how toxic they are.

Introduction: Zinc oxide nanoparticles are commonly used in medicine and science due to their inherent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as their low toxicity. The green synthesis of these nanoparticles is favoured because it is simple, relatively repeatable, cost-effective, and produces more stable, non-toxic materials.

Materials and Methods: Green zinc oxide nanoparticles were made from aqueous fruit extracts of P. granatum and E. cardamomum. UV spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were then used to determine the properties of nanoparticles. The agar well diffusion method was used to assess antifungal activity, and the brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess cytotoxicity.

P. granatum and E. cardamomum extracts allowed the synthesis of stable zinc oxide nanoparticles, according to the findings. The nanoparticles thus produced were also found to have strong antifungal properties, with a zone of inhibition of 12mm for 50L, 22mm for 100L, and 24mm for 150L. In a lethality assay, 80 percent of live shrimp larvae were found in a nanoparticle concentration of 20-30 L. The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles, on the other hand, needs to be investigated further. They may be integrated into various products in the future, such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and mouth paint, to promote their effect.

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RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM APPLICATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Maize is a staple food in many European countries, and it is also used to make corn syrups, corn starch, and corn ethanol, among other things. Our climate has become contaminated as a result of human activities. The majority of heavy metals that affect crop production have been removed from industrial areas. The aim of this research was to look into the accumulation of Mn and Cr in the root, stem, and leaf, as well as the effects of metals on photosynthetic pigments in various maize genotypes, in order to figure out which genotype is best for phytoremediation. For this study, five different maize genotypes (30Y87, 31R88, Neelum, Pak afghoi, and White Corn) were chosen. To access the metal accumulation and photosynthetic parameters, different concentrations (0, 0.25M, and 0.50M) of Cr and Mn in the form MnCl2 and CrCl3 were added independently and in combination. During the study, three replications of each treatment were carried out. The accumulation of Cr and Mn in roots was found to be higher than in stems and leaves, according to the findings. Variety 31R88 accumulated more Cr, while the Neelum variety accumulated very little Cr and Mn. The statistical tools used to compare treatment means were analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's rang test (p 0.05). The differences between five different genotypes and different treatments for all parameters were substantial, according to ANOVA. Under heavy metal treatments, white corn and the Neelum variety were more tolerant and had higher phosynthetic pigment levels. As a result, both varieties are suitable for phytoremediation. Treatments of 0.25M CrCl3 resulted in high photosynthetic pigments, while treatments of 0.5M MnCl2 + 0.25M CrCl3 and 0.5M MnCl2 + 0.50M CrCl3 resulted in low photosynthetic pigments. The stem had the highest metal accumulation, while the roots had the lowest (stem>leaves>roots). Our research showed that heavy metals had an adverse effect on maize growth, but that maize crop plants could be used to remediate heavy metals from soils. The ability of maize genotypes to accumulate Cr and Mn is also dependent on the genetic behaviour of plant species, according to the findings.

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GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES USING TURMERIC-TULSI EXTRACT AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The eco-friendly and cost-effective green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant extracts and enzymes does not require high pressure, energy, temperature, or other toxic chemicals. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an emerging field of research that is preferred over physical or chemical methods because it is more cost-effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. Copper nanoparticles were synthesised with turmeric-tulsi extract and characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy in this study (TEM). Traditional medicinal plants like turmeric and tulsi are high in beneficial phytocompounds that can help nanoparticles form. The stability of copper nanoparticles synthesised from these extracts was investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy. The morphology of the synthesised copper nanoparticles was determined using TEM. This is a novel study in which copper nanoparticles were easily synthesised in an environmentally friendly way using turmeric-tulsi extract, and it could be of critical significance in the rapidly evolving world of medical diagnosis and treatment.

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EVALUATION OF Catharanthus roseus PLANT EXTRACT GROWN UNDER MULTIPLE STRESS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR ITS BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 C.roseus, a member of the Apocynaceae family, is a herbaceous plant that is also known as Madagascar periwinkle plants. Catharanthus roseus was tested for antimicrobial activity. Using the well diffusion technique, pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Aeromonas hydrophila) and fungal strains (Aspergillus niger (Black fungi) and Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer) were tested. The aim of this study was to see if Catharanthus roseus extract had antibacterial activity. The plant extract tested had significant antimicrobial activity when tested using the diffusion method. The leaves, roots, stem, and flower of C. roseus were used, and extracts were tested for antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of C. roseus extracts against Staphylococcus aureus was not observed. The antifungal activity of the leaf extract in ethanol against pathogenic fungi is also determined. The title role of environmental factors on the antimicrobial properties of this plant was also investigated in this study.

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ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF MULTI STRESS AFFECTED Allium sativum PLANT EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The purpose of this study is to assess the antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancerous, and multi-stress activities of Allium sativum medicinal plant extract. The garlic was bought fresh at the local market. To obtain the edible part of the garlic clove, fresh bulb garlic cloves were separated, peeled, and washed with tap water before being sterilised with distilled water. This material was dried at room temperature (24°C) in the shade. For each garlic, three types of extracts were made using three organic solvents: ethanol, n-haxene, and water. On Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavous, and Rhizopus stolonifer, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanolic, n-haxene, and aqueous garlic extract was determined. The antibacterial and antifungal activities clearly showed that the aqueous extract had no inhibitory effect on the test microorganisms. Ethanolic extracts of antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas, and Aeromonas hydrophila revealed zones of inhibition of 9.25 mm, 9.51 mm, 9.5 mm, and 9.5 mm, respectively, whereas the positive control showed zones of inhibition of 7 mm and 9.25 mm in the case of Pseudomonas and Aeromonas hydrophila. The antibacterial activity of n-hexane extracts of E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas, and Aeromonas hydrophila showed inhibition zones of 6.15 mm, 6.02 mm, 7.90 mm, and 5.965 mm, respectively, whereas the positive control showed an inhibition zone of 0.00 mm. Antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts was highest in Aspergillus flavous at 18 mm of the inhibition zone. The antifungal activity of n-haxene extracts was highest in Aspergillus flavous, with an area of inhibition of 18mm.

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PHOMOPSIS BLIGHT OF Solanum melongena – BRINJAL/EGGPLANT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Brinjal is a very important vegetable that is grown all over the world. It is a member of the Solanaceae family. Phomopsis blight, also known as fruit rot, is one of the diseases that affects it. Phomopsis vexans, a dangerous fungus, is to blame. One of the most important biotic factors limiting brinjal production is Phomopsis blight. It is considered a serious illness because it renders brinjal fruit unmarketable and inedible, reducing their economic, nutritional, and health benefits. This cancer causes a 40–70% reduction in production. Phomopsis vexans attacks the stem and causes wilting, as well as causing soft rot in the fruit. At any stage of development, this pathogen can affect all parts of the plant. The nature of the pathogen, symptoms and signs, epidemiology, detection and diagnosis, and management of Phomopsis blight of brinjal are all covered in this review.

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CYTOTOXIC EFFECT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING HERBAL FORMULATION OF Ocimum sanctum AND Justicia adhatoda | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Nanotechnology is a relatively new field of pharmacological research that has a wide range of applications in the biomedical, engineering, chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The use of microorganisms and herbal extracts for nanoparticle synthesis has attracted international attention, and it is one of the most interesting nanotechnologies. Because of their versatility, silver nanoparticles have a lot of potential in biomedical research. Silver has been found in many bacteria and microorganisms, and it has been discovered that it inhibits their growth and existence. In plant biotechnology, green synthetic techniques for the development of nanoparticles have recently sparked a lot of interest. Biologically synthesised silver nanoparticles are more beneficial than chemical reductions because they are eco-friendly, low-cost, and one-stage processes. Tulsi, chitharathai, adathoda, turmeric, and other herbs found in the Indian subcontinent have various medicinal values and have been used in traditional medicines and home remedies, such as tulsi, chitharathai, adathoda, and turmeric. Justicia adhatoda (adathoda) contains photochemical compounds, and Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) contains germicide and disinfectant. Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsi) and Justicia adhatoda (adathoda), according to earlier research, have a wide range of medicinal properties, including antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties.

The aim of this research is to use UV Visible Spectroscopy to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles mediated by herbal extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Justicia adhatoda.

Materials and Methods: Ocimum sanctum and Justicia adhatoda herbal extracts were prepared in our laboratory from a preexisting powder to achieve green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The physical characterization of these silver nanoparticles, such as size and shape, was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy, and the cytotoxic and antioxidant activity was tested and characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy.

At 450 nm, the surface plasmon resonance band (SPR) was measured. The antioxidant activity of nanoparticles increased as concentration was increased, and cytotoxic activity was measured using the number of live shrimps, which decreased as concentration was increased. The percentage inhibition of antioxidant activity was 50 mu/L, and the percentage inhibition of cytotoxic activity was 25 mu/L.

Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles made from Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsi) and Justicia adhatoda (adathoda) were biosynthesised in a novel way and showed significant antioxidant and cytotoxic activity with minimal side effects. This is the first report of Tulsi and adhatoda-mediated silver nanoparticle synthesis with such properties, which will need to be investigated further using other characterization and testing methods.

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ISOLATION OF ACTINOMYCETES FROM Vitis vinifera L. and Annona squamosa L. FRUITS AND SCREENING FOR BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The current research focuses on isolating actinomycetes from Vitis vinifera L. and Annona squamosa L. fruits, as well as screening for bioactive compounds released by actinomycetes, such as antibacterial and amylase inhibitory activity, and their role in fruit quality.

Pretreatment and growth on selective nutrient medium without and with antibiotics were used to isolate the actinomycetes from the fruit. Antimicrobial activity of isolate extracts was screened using an antibiotic disc diffusion technique, and amylase inhibition activity was screened using a spectroscopic approach using 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid.

Using calcium carbonate, dry heat pretreatment, and growth on medium with and without antibiotics, a total of 16 actinomycetes were isolated from Vitis vinifera L. and Annona squamosa L. fruits samples. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in 5 of the 16 isolate extracts. Extracts from isolates G2 and C2 inhibited amylase by 30 and 50 percent, respectively.

Conclusion: Actinomycetes are found on the fruits of Vitis vinifera L. and Annona squamosa L., and they produce antibacterial activity that helps restore fruit quality by preventing unwanted bacterial growth. Isolated actinomycetes were discovered to be a source of bioactive compounds and amylase inhibitory activity, both of which help to prevent starch degradation.

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DUSUNG SYSTEM AS FOREST GARDEN SYSTEM IN SAPARUA ISLAND | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Before the 16th century, indigenous people on Saparua Island used the Dusung System as a forest garden system. This is one of the reasons why Europeans attempted to colonise The Spice Island, resulting in 350 years of colonialism. The Dusung System was implemented on Saparua Island with the help of customary institutional (Raja, Soa, Saniri, Kewang) and customary laws, including Sasi, that are still widely practised and followed today. Land ownership status, dominant plant species, plant age, and location name can all be used to classify Dusung System forms.

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CONTROLLING OF Streptococcus mutans AND Lactobacillus IN In-vitro USING HERBAL FORMULATION OF Ocimum sanctum AND Justicia adhatoda MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Introduction: Nanomedicine has enormous potential for improving human disease diagnosis and treatment. The use of microbes in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a process that is environmentally friendly. Nanoparticles come in a variety of shapes and sizes, including gold, silver, alloys, and magnetic particles. The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles are well known.

Tulsi leaves can be used to treat a variety of oral infections. This plant contains pyrochemical agents such as carvacrol and terpene. Justicia adathoda, also known as ‘Vasaka,' is an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and anti-oxidant with minimal cytotoxic and anti-oxidant properties.

Aim: To use herbal formulations of Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum santum mediated Silver Nanoparticles to control the activity of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in vitro.

1. To test the antibacterial activity of biosynthesised Ag nanoparticles with Adhatoda and tulsi.

2.To facilitate the biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles mediated by Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum santum over other artificially and chemically formed AgNps.

Materials and Methods: Dried leaf extracts of Tulasi and Justicia adhatoda were used as reducing agents in the synthesis of cost-effective and environmentally friendly silver nanoparticles, which were then tested against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. The activity of silver nanoparticles was monitored using UV-Visible spectroscopy, and the activity revealed significant inhibitory effects against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus.

Conclusion and Findings: The highest concentration of the extract, 150 l, was found to have the greatest zone of inhibition against both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. As a result, the extract was discovered to have potent antimicrobial properties. Between the wavelengths of 400 nm and 450 nm, the peak was highest. In the current study, AgNPs made from a combination of the herbs Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum santum showed significant antibacterial activity due to their potent inhibitory action against bacterial colonies.

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IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES OF THE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS Aspergillus egypticus-HT166S INHIBITING THE ACTIVITY OF PANCREATIC α-AMYLASE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The extraction and qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites that inhibit pancreatic -amylase activity in the endophytic fungus Aspergillus egypticus-HT166S isolated from the Helianthus tuberosus plant are presented in this article. The majority of the metabolites with inhibitor activity of 75.4 percent were extracted with methanol, according to the findings. Bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, and tannins were detected in the methanol fraction after phytochemical analysis. The highest inhibitory activity values were found in the methanol fraction, with flavonoids accounting for 72.9 percent and 61.8 percent, respectively.

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ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LYCOPENE AND ITS BASED CHITOSAN NANOFORMULATION-AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Nanotechnology has been emerging as an interdisciplinary field that is undergoing rapid development and has brought enormous changes in dentistry. Lycopene and chitosan is a naturally derived polymer with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Since periodontal diseases occurs as a result of inflammatory process, this vitro study has been done to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of lycopene and its based chitosan nano formulations to incorporate into periodontics.

Materials and Methods: The collection and preparation of lycopene extract was done and stored for further use. Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles was done with the addition of glacial acetic acid along with Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP). Centrifugation was done and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles using ultraviolet (UV)-viz-spectroscopy spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan nanoparticles was measured and compared using the standard diclofenac sodium assay.

Results: The anti inflammatory activity of lycopene, chitosan and chitosan-lycopene nanoformulation increased with increase in concentrations. At 30 μL, 40 μL lycopene showed a higher antiinflammatory activity than standard, Chitosan has better anti-inflammatory activities at higher concentrations when compared to standard diclofenac sodium. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of the combination of lycopene and chitosan was lesser than the standard.

Conclusion: Chitosan nanoparticles have the better antiinflammatory activity when compared with lycopene and lycopene-chitosan nanoformulations. Further formulations of chitosan in various forms such as gel and microspheres can be potentially used for controlled drug delivery in the treatment of periodontitis.

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PLOIDY LEVEL ANALYSIS OF SEEDLINGS FROM EMBRYOS EXTRACTED FROM SEEDS RARELY PRODUCED BY TRIPLOID MANDARIN HYBRIDS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Triploidy appears to be a promising method for developing new seedless tangerine hybrids. Triploid citrus hybrids are usually sterile, though they may occasionally produce fruit with few seeds. As a result, flow cytometry was used to determine the level of ploidy of embryos from these seeds, and two culture media were tested in vitro for their germination in vitro. The embryos were cultured in vitro on a Murashige and Tucker medium (1969) according to two compositions: M1 = MT + 1 mg / l gibberellic acid and M2 = MT + 0.25 g / l adenine sulphate, extracted from the ripe fruit of the triploid mandarin. Flow cytometry was used to identify the triploid seedlings at the INRA Kenitra laboratory level. The in vitro germination rate of embryos in M1 and M2 media is 86 percent and 78 percent, respectively. According to the mandarin hybrids, it is 86 percent and 79 percent for HT11 and HT44, respectively. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis of the leaves of young seedlings showed that the HT11 hybrid has a triploidy rate of 94 percent and the HT44 hybrid has a triploidy rate of 38 percent. The preliminary findings of this study show that sterile triploid hybrids can produce diploid or triploid seeds on their own. Similarly, the degree of sterility differs depending on the triploid hybrids' ability to produce seeds.

In a later study, molecular markers will be used to identify the genetic origins of the diploid and triploid seedlings acquired (zygotic or nucellar).

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CONTROLLING Streptococcus mutans USING SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES MEDIATED THROUGH Symplocos racemosa | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 When left unsupervised, Streptococcus mutans (Sm), the harbinger of dental decay, is a pathogenic bacterium that has been linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. With the right inhibitory measures in place, we can reduce its role in exacerbating morbidity. The goal of our research was to look into the antibacterial potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) made from Symplocos racemosa (Sr).

Sr was pulverised and turned into a filtered herbal formulation. For the synthesis of nanoparticles, sodium selenite solution was added to it, and the mixture was kept in a magnetic stirrer. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterise the Se-NPs, which were then centrifuged until the final pellet was obtained. On a Muller-Hinton Agar plate, a fresh bacterial suspension of Sm was scattered. The plate was incubated at 37°C for 24 hours with Se-NP concentrations of (50, 100, and 150) l in each well. The zones of inhibition were measured using antibiotics as a control.

Following the synthesis of Se-NPs, there was a visible colour change. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterise the prepared particles, and a peak at 280 nm was discovered. With an increase in Se-NP concentration, the inhibition zones grew larger. The antibacterial control was followed by 150 L of our Se-NPs, which was the most effective against Sm.

Conclusion: Sr-derived Se-NPs are effective antibacterial agents against Sm. They're non-toxic, quick, and simple to make, and they could be an inexpensive way to control Sm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5557

EFFECT OF VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL ON GROWTH OF RICE CROP AND SOIL PROPERTY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Because vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are an essential component of the soil-plant interface, their reactions to nutrient availability may mediate ecosystem function shifts. We investigated the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions on the growth and community of VAM by measuring the initial soil nutrient availability. Physico-chemical characteristics such as pH, EC, OC, N, P, and K, as well as available VAM, were measured in 15 soil samples from rice-growing fields in the Jamtara district of Jharkhand. All 15 soil samples were spread on Potato Dextrose Agar medium and tested with various fertiliser doses on rice crops based on batter response. The growth of VAM and rice crops was found to have a substantial relationship with soil property.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5556

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF AMLA SEED MEDIATED GRAPHENE OXIDE, SILVER NANOPARTICLE & Go-Ag NANOPARTICLE - AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The study's goal was to make Amla seed-mediated silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposite and test their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity of amla seed mediated graphene oxide nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles, as well as GO-Ag nanocomposite, is then determined using the Brine shrimp lethality assay.

Amla seed extract was prepared using the following materials and methods. Silver, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposites were biosynthesised using the filtrate. The samples were measured for maximum absorbance using UV-Visible spectrophotometry after 24 hours of incubation. To produce the synthesised silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposite, all of the samples were heat dried. Various concentrations of biosynthesized Amla seed mediated silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposite (50,100,150 g/ml) were tested for antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity of different nanoparticle concentrations was determined using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay.

The colour of AgNPs changed from colourless to reddish brown, the colour of GO NPs changed from brown to black, and the colour of GO-Ag nanocomposite changed from black to a darker intensity of black. The formation of their respective nanoparticles is confirmed by the colour change. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans.

Lactobacillus (150 ug/ml – 17 mm zone of inhibition) and Lactobacillus (150 ug/ml – 20 mm zone of inhibition) all showed 20% lethality at a concentration of 25 ul. Graphene oxide nanoparticles have strong antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus (150 ug/ml – 20 mm zone of inhibition) and demonstrated 40% lethality at a concentration of 25 ul. The antibacterial activity of the GO-Ag nanocomposite was negligible against all of the test organisms, with 10% lethality at 20 and 25 ul. Antibacterial activity against Candida albicans was limited in all three nanoparticles (9 mm Zone of Inhibition).

Conclusion: Amla fruit seed extracts were used to make silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposites. Silver, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and the GO-Ag nanocomposite all had a strong antibacterial impact against oral pathogens while causing minimal cytotoxicity.

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MELATONIN REGULATES ANTIOXIDANT GENE EXPRESSION IN SOYBEAN Glycine max (L.) MERR | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Melatonin has been described as a pleiotropic molecule that modulates important intercellular signalling pathways, especially under stressful conditions. The current research looked into the role of melatonin in regulating the expression of the CAT and SOD genes in four soybean varieties. The morphologic data showed significant differences between the varieties studied. Furthermore, all of the studied traits were positively affected by the investigated melatonin concentrations to some extent. This has been linked to the up-regulation of CAT and SOD gene expression caused by the use of melatonin to some extent. Giza 111 was the superior and most responsive variety to changes in melatonin concentration in terms of morphological characteristics. However, there is no noticeable difference between the highest concentration of 300 M and the lowest concentration of 200 M. Notably, the response pattern discovered by the two genes in the presence of melatonin appeared to be genotype-dependent. As a result, more research involving antioxidant enzymes assays may be required for a more precise assessment of melatonin's physiological role.

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COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL FUNCTIONALIZATION AND CEMENTATION UNION TECHNIQUES FOR THE FRICTIONAL IMPLANT-ABUTMENT CONNECTION: ANALYSIS OF MARGINAL ADAPTATION AND TENSILE STRENGTH | Asian Journal of Research in Biology

 Technical complications, such as gaps in the implant-abutment (IA) connections and abutment retention, may occur when the implant and prosthesis (abutment) are connected. The aim of this research was to examine the IA frictional connection as well as its bond strength when activated with and without cementation. Two groups of IA mounts were assessed using images obtained with a stereomicroscope in an in vitro laboratory experiment. Nine implants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group I (GI), which received a conventionally activated attachment ball prosthesis, and Group II (GII), which received dual resin cement before the abutment was activated. Shapiro-Wilk test and F test were used for gap analysis and tensile strength testing, followed by t test. There was a distinction in the gaps between the groups. Despite the fact that Group II's gaps grew in size, its bond strength was greater than Group I's. Even with the increase in gaps, the cementation appears to have affected the increase in bond strength in the implant-abutment relationship.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJRiB/article/view/5553

GENETIC ASSOCIATION AMONG MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF Zea mays UNDER HEAVY METAL STRESS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Heavy metal toxicity has an impact on plant growth, human and animal health, microbial activity, and other factors. Heavy metals have had a negative impact on plant metabolism and physiological activities. Because heavy metals cannot be destroyed or degraded, they accumulate in plants and cause toxic effects when their concentrations are exceeded. The purpose of this study was to see how heavy metal toxicity affected Zea mays growth and associated characteristics. During the study, five different Zea mays seed varieties (30Y87, 31R88, Neelum, Pak Afghoi, and White Corn) were used. Cr and Mn were prepared in various concentrations (0, 0.25 M, and 0.50 M). With an 8-day interval between treatments, all varieties were treated with Cr and Mn independently and in combination. During the study, three replications of each treatment were carried out. Different morphological traits in roots, stems, and leaves were documented. Statistical tools such as stepwise linear regression and person's correlation were used to compare treatment means. Dry leaf weight with dry stem weight, root diameter with leaf area, dry root weight with dry stem weight, stem diameter with plant height, dry stem weight with fresh stem weight, fresh leaf weight with fresh root weight, fresh stem weight with plant height, and leaf area with plant height all had greater and important correlations. According to regression analysis, dry leaf weight has a large and positive contribution to plant height. Plant height had the accumulative medium coefficient of determination (51.77 percent) or R2, while fresh leaf weight had the high coefficient of determination (R2) (96.29 percent ).

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GREEN PREPARATION OF NANO COPPER (Cu) WITH NANO GRAPHENE OXIDE (GO) NANO COMPOSITE CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST ORAL AEROBIC PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Because it does not use any harmful agents, green nanoparticle synthesis is a cost-effective and safe method of synthesis. Copper is known for its antibacterial properties, and graphene oxide is known for its barrier and structural strength, so these materials were selected to make a nanocomposite.

The study's goal was to combine green nano copper preparation and characterization with nano graphene oxide nanocomposite characterization and antimicrobial activity.

Materials and Methods: This is an in vitro experiment. A green preparation technique was used to create the nanocomposite. Copper and graphene oxide nano-composite were made using extract from the amla fruit. A TEM scan and UV-Visible spectrometric analysis were used to characterise the prepared copper and graphene oxide nanocomposite. The antimicrobial activity was tested against the microorganisms that are most commonly found in the mouth. For the antimicrobial evaluation of nanocomposite, inhibition zones were measured for Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans at different concentrations.

At a concentration of 150 L, the nanocomposite demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against three oral aerobic microbes.

Conclusion: Within the scope of the study, copper and graphene oxide nanocomposite has promising antibacterial properties, but more cytotoxicity studies are needed before the composite can be incorporated into dental materials.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5550

RESPONSE OF SOME VARIETIES OF Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP CULTIVATED IN SOUTHERN IRAQ TO DIFFERENT METHODS OF ADDITION AND CONCENTRATIONS OF HUMIC ACID IN GROWTH AND YIELD | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The experiment was conducted in the autumn of 2019 to see how three cowpea (Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp) varieties responded to humic acid concentrations and addation methods on growth and yield. (Ramshorn, TSD, and Biader) varieties of cowpea were used. Humic acid at concentrations of 0, 2, and 4 mL liter-1 was applied through foliar spray and ground irrigation. With three replicates, the experiment was set up in a divided plot configuration. At the 0.05 level of likelihood, mean values were compared using L.S.D. In response to different concentrations of humic acid, the varieties vary greatly in growth parameters such as plant height and lateral branchees, as well as yield parameters such as green pods and soft seeds. For both addation processes, the highest concentration of humic acid was 4 mL liter-1 in all varieties. The application of ground irrigation was superior to foliar spray application. When it came to humic acid concentrations and applications, the Bayader variety performed better.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5549

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Phyllanthus emblica & Cinnamomum verum FORMULATION MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) are a form of nanoparticle that has antibacterial properties and is toxic to disease-causing bacteria. This is due to the influence of surface enhancement, which causes nanocrystalline materials to become more reactive. Antimicrobial properties increase by more than 99 percent when particles are in the nanometer range, which has been linked to form, scale, and functional groups in nanoparticles. Due to its low cost and environmental compatibility, as well as the absence of toxins and harmful substances, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using herbal products has gotten a lot of publicity.

The aim was to test the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles made from Phyllanthus emblica and Cinnamomum verum fruit formulations against oral pathogens.

Conical flask, distilled water, filter paper, fruit extract powder, and petri-disks were used in this experiment.

Our findings revealed strong antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. The diameter of the zone of inhibition found during antibacterial activity evaluation suggests that staphylococcus aureus has the most activity, followed by Lactobacillus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. AgNPS may bind to the cell membrane's surface, disrupting permeability and respiration association functions. Morenos et al. speculate that AgNPS may enter bacteria cells and cause damage by interacting with DNA.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that AgNPS derived from Phyllanthus emblica and Cinnamomum verum have antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. As a result, by mixing it into toothpaste and mouthwash, it can be used as an important therapeutic agent against a variety of oral diseases.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5548

Dillenia indica AS AN ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC ELEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Dillenia indica (family=Dilleniaceae) is a tropical evergreen tree that is found almost everywhere. All parts of the plant (fruit, leaf, stem, and bark) are edible and have been used as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments since ancient times. Flavonoids and antioxidants, as well as other phytocomponents such as quercetin, lupeol, -sitosterol, butellin, terpenoids, stigmasterol, tannin, steroids, and others, have been found in D. indica and have the potential to cope with reactive species and push the weakened cellular condition to survivability. Hyperglycemia is the first stage of rapid glucose absorption and insulin resistance, which leads to altered/impaired insulin action and, eventually, complications of Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this analysis is to highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying hyperglycemia, as well as D. indica's efficacy and anti-hyperglycemic properties.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5546

GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE USING Phyllanthus emblica AND Cinnamomum verum EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Phyllanthus emblica is a small to medium-sized tree that produces greenish yellow fruits. Vitamin C is abundant in Phyllanthus emblica. It has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of toothache, gingival inflammation, and other forms of ulcers due to its high antioxidant content. Due to their peculiar properties such as surface enhanced scattering and thermal conductivity, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as one of the most promising nanoparticles. Nanotechnology refers to a wide range of technologies, methods, and processes that deal with matter at the nanoscale, which ranges from 1 nanometer to 100 nanometers in size. The aim of the research is to make silver nanoparticles from Phyllanthus emblica and Cinnamomum verum and characterise their properties using a transmission electron microscope.

Materials and Methods: The herbal treatment centre provided Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and Cinnamomum verum powder. A conical flask containing 50 ml of distilled water was filled with 0.5 grammes of both extracts. The extract was then heated at 60°C for 7-8 minutes using a heating mantle, and 10 ml of the plant extract was mixed with 90 ml distilled water, along with 0.0169 grammes of silver nitrate, and put in a shaker for uniform distribution. The colour change was observed every hour for two days. The nanoparticle was characterised using the TEM analysis process.

The effect of varying reaction parameters such as temperature, PH, and reactant concentration on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Amla and cinnamon fruit extract was investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy of AgNPs. This method produces stable, spherical silver nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5 to 45 nanometers.

Conclusion: Using an Amla and cinnamon formulation, the current study was effective in synthesising plant-mediated silver nanoparticles. The majority of the silver nanoparticles synthesised were spherical in shape and ranged in size from 5-45 nm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5545

EFFECTS OF WEATHER PARAMETERS ON INCIDENCE OF SUCKING PESTS AND THEIR PREDATORS ON COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The current study was designed to assess the impact of environmental factors (wind speed, temperature, and humidity) on various sucking insect predators in the Multan region of Pakistan. The study took place between 2014 and 2016, during the cotton growing season. Throughout the cropping season, the number of larvae, adults of sucking pests such as thrips, dusky bugs, white fly, Jassid, and their predators (Argiope, Geocoris, Chrysoperla) were counted. Readings of wind speed, temperature, and humidity were obtained from an internet source and checked by the meteorological department. The data was analysed and the importance of these parameters was determined using one-way ANOVA. Wind speed, temperature, and humidity had no effect on the eggs and adults of thrips, dusky bug, Jassid, and white fly. Environmental factors seemed to have less of an effect on these pests in the study region. The current findings revealed that environmental factors had no effect on sucking pest eggs or adults.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5544

ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CORIANDER OLEORESIN MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of selenium nanoparticles mediated by Coriander Oleoresin.

Materials and Methods: Coriander oleoresin-mediated Selenium nanoparticles were made by combining 0.5 mL Coriander Oleoresin extract with 0.519 g sodium selenite in 99.5 mL distilled water. For nanoparticle synthesis, the reaction mixture was held in an orbital shaker with magnetic stirrer. Color shift indicated the formation of selenium nanoparticles, which was confirmed using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antiinflammatory activity of coriander oleoresin mediated selenium nanoparticles was assessed using an albumin denaturation inhibitory assay.

Discussion and Conclusions: The presence of selenium nanoparticles was demonstrated by a colour shift in the reaction mixture, which was verified by UV-Visible spectroscopy with a peak at 320nm. The anti-inflammatory activity of coriander oleoresin mediated selenium nanoparticles was dose dependent. At 50 L of selenium nanoparticles, the maximum inhibitory effect of 90 percent on protein denaturation was observed.

Conclusion: The synthesis of selenium nanoparticles in a green manner was simple and straightforward. The researchers concluded that Coriander Oleoresin-mediated Selenium nanoparticles had strong anti-inflammatory activity and thus could be used for a healthy and environmentally friendly selenium nanoparticle synthesis for inflammatory conditions.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5543

THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER SALINITY ON THE GROWTH OF CERTAIN CULTIVARS OF Curcumas melo VAR. FLEXUOSUSIS IN GREENHOUSES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 An agricultural experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse belonging to the Al-Faris firm in the Zubair district during the winter season, 2020. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on the growth of 21 cultivars of Cucumis melo var flexuosusis. During the experiment, efforts were made to integrate 42 factoring treatments, resulting from the use of two samples of irrigation water salinity: 1.0 dS m-1 and 5.0 dS m-1. Twenty-one cultivars of the Cucumis melo var flexuosusis. 16 produced locally and 5 imported, were treated with the two irrigation water samples. The results of the study showed that water salinity caused a meaningful increase in the high in plant, increasing Carbohydrates concentrations in the leaf's. Moreover, there was a meaningful increase in the net weight of the produce, calculated as follows: 4.95%, 45.49%, 15.40% and 23.60% respectively, in comparison to those cultivars irrigated with normal water. While the salinity was not significantly affected by leaf area, total chlorophyll. As to cultivars, it was noted that they reacted substantially differently, affecting all variables covered by the study. The following cultivars performed significantly better in terms of their productivity: Al-Masri, Diyali, Kirkuk and Mouseli, scored the following values 5.067, 4.981, 4.610 kg.m-2 respectively in comparison to other cultivars. Interestingly, the interaction of the two factors had a significant effect on the bulk of variables covered by the study. Thus, the Diyali cultivars, irrigated by salty water yielded the highest production, namely 5.616 kg per sq meter whereas the other cultivars, including Takrit, which is irrigated by fresh water, yielded the least productivity, not exceeding 2.505 kg.m-2 per sm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5542

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY Justicia adhotoda AND Ocimum sanctum FORMULATION USING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICRSCOPY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biological synthesis requires the reduction of metal ion stabilisation using a number of species. Since plants have a wide range of strong reducing ability, they are an excellent source of silver nanoparticles (Ag Nps). The in vitro synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts such as Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) mixture demonstrates that biological synthesis is the most applicable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly process. The current study describes the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in an in vitro setting using plant extracts from Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum sanctum, as well as their characterization using TEM.

The aim of this study is to use TEM to prepare and characterise silver nanoparticles made from Justicia adhotoda and Ocimum sanctum herbal formulations.

Green Synthesis was used to synthesise these nanoparticles, which included using plant extracts from Ocimum sanctum and Justicia adhatoda, followed by characterization using UV-Visible spectroscopy and TEM.

The surface resonance was estimated at 10-35 nm, which is consistent with the formation of silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by TEM images, which showed hexagonal shapes. AgNps come in a range of sizes, including spherical and triangle-shaped nanoparticles with a size of 10-60 nm. The silver nanoparticles were naturally crystalline, with a UV absorbance of about 320 nm.

Conclusion: The antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antiinflammatory effects of this formulation can be researched in the future thanks to the TEM characterisation of silver nanoparticles. This innovative formulation may provide new insight into a range of biomedical applications.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5541