INDICATORS OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESSES OF LOCAL AND FOREIGN COTTON (G. Hirsutum L.) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The paper presents the findings of the research on salt and wilt tolerance in various ecological and geographical germplasms of cotton. In accordance with the resistance levels, the germplasm lines were split into several classes based on the performance. Resistant and unstable genotypes were present in all the ecological-geographical groups analysed, but the frequency of distribution was different. A range of G, as a result of environmental studies. The L hirsutum. Genotypes have been established that show promise for selection in different ecological-geographical groups. In order to research the degree of resistance to wilt and salt tolerance in 400 cotton genotypes and highly resistant wilt genotypes, three varieties from Uzbekistan (A-1431, A-1530 and A-3941), one variety from China (A-3761), one genotype from Pakistan (A-3684) and three varieties from India, a screening was carried out (A-3657, A-3401 and A-3400). Cotton genotypes and highly resistant salt tolerance genotypes; six Uzbek varieties (A-36, A-492, A-740, A-775 A-807, A-501), two Indian varieties (A-2059 and A-2321), one Armenian genotype (A-385), one Ukrainian genotype (A-2154) and three Azerbaijani genotypes (A-1892, A-564 and A-2219), which can be used as donors to pick wilt and salt resistant cotton varieties.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5467

EVALUATION OF EFFICACY FOR THE COLD AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF Ricinus comminus LEAVES ON THE VIABILITY OF THE PRIMARY PRIMATES OF THE Echinococcus granulosus PARASITE In vitro | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

There are two explanations for the spread of this disease: the first is the failure to detect infection in the early stages, as pathological signs do not occur until after the cyst has grown in size, resulting in strain on the neighbouring tissues, and the second is the lack of the means of treatment, and the disease is similar in severity. This research aims to evaluate the effect of different aqueous extract concentrations of Ricinus comminus leaves on the viability of Echinococcuss granulosus primary larvae in vitro. In the Najaf massacre, water bags were obtained from the livers of infected sheep. By adding (1 ml) of the initial head suspension to (1 ml) of each aqueous extract concentration of the plant, the amount and viability of these rhizomes have been determined. The study showed that the proportion of essential rosettes at concentration (10) mg / ml per minute decreased from 97 percent to 38 percent (180). While the percentage of infection decreased at this specific time (180 minutes) from 96 percent to 0 percent at a concentration of 20 mg/ml, we conclude that the inhibitory effect of the plant extract on the interference with the respiratory chain enzymes containing the thiol group (sulfur - hydrogen. SH).

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FORMULATING A VITAMIN D DELIVERY TOOTHPASTE USING A PENETRATION PROMOTOR | Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

The functions of toothpaste have recently been diversified from the mere functions of removing dietary waste, inhibiting bacterial development, and improving the colour of whiter teeth. In order to extend toothpaste uses, many toothpastes prefer to include attractive scents, colours, and active ingredients. Vitamin D is particularly important because it facilitates the absorption of calcium in the intestine, enhances the development of the bone and reshapes osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In 42 percent of the American population today, widespread vitamin D deficiency has been found.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin which is naturally present, added to others and available as a dietary supplement in very few foods. Thus, the value of vitamin D dietary supplements should not be ignored. However, taking pills regularly is almost difficult.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to promote successful daily dosing of vitamin D on a long-term basis via intraoral administration during toothbrushing.

Methods: With distilled water, olive oil, and emulsifying wax, an emulsion-based toothpaste was developed. And other typical ingredients were then homogeneously combined with azone and vitamin D3, a potent penetration promoter. After formulating the vitamin D toothpaste, the various characteristics of our vitamin D3 toothpaste, such as abrasiveness, scratchiness, spreadability, pH, foaming and cleaning ability, were compared with those of other commercial toothpaste brands. A transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement was performed using Lumbricus terrestris skin to ensure the intended delivery of vitamin D3 via the oral cavity.

Conclusions: The general characteristics of our vitamin D toothpaste did not vary substantially from commercial brand toothpastes. The feasibility of vitamin D3 delivery was demonstrated on the basis of the increase in TEER values for the vitamin D toothpaste community, although the invertebrate model may have some limitations. With more enhanced transport research, further studies should be carried out. Some new insight into the drug delivery application of toothpaste should be given by the intraoral delivery analysis for vitamin D.

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A NEW MODIFICATION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD | Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research

In this article, as a method suitable for solving (1 + 1) partial differential equations, a new modification of the Differential Transform Method, called the ModDTM, is implemented with initial conditions which are defined at the initial value of the spatial variable. The method's concepts and properties are developed and then applied to test the efficacy of the method in order to solve two nonlinear partial differential equations, namely the Rosenau-Hyman equation and the Newell-Whitehead-Segel equation. The solutions obtained are compared via the Reduced Differential Transform Method with the exact solutions and the solutions. It is assessed that when the attached initial conditions apply to the spatial variable, ModDTM is an efficient tool for solving (1+1) partial differential equations.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/view/5475

Cajanus cajan (L.) MILLSP USED AS MEDICINAL PLANT BY THE LIANGMAI NAGA IN TAMENGLONG DISTRICT OF MANIPUR: A CASE STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Millsp. Cajanus cajan (L) One of the essential grain crops of the Liangmai ethnic group is commonly referred to as pigeon pea; they are used for vegetable and medicinal purposes. The study seeks to record the value of the Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp and used as medicine and protection and conservation of the traditional knowledge of the Liangmai Naga. The current study revealed the use of pigeon pea for the treatment of various ailments. The seed is protein rich. They are used as vegetables and snake bite is often used as medicine. For diabetes and food poisoning, the leaf is used, and the bean is consumed raw to treat dysentery.

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SCREENING OF LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE LEAF EXTRACTS OF Gliricidia sepium AGAINST IV INSTAR LARVAE OF GRAM POD BORER Helicoverpa armigera | Journal of Biology and Nature

Gliricidia sepiumare medicinal plants predominantly present in India. It is also used for its medicinal, insecticidal and insect repellent properties. Larvicidal activity of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of G. sepium leaf powder were investigated for their larvicidal property against  IV instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. The presence of secondary metabolites from all solvent extracts of G.sepiumleaf were analysed. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. All extracts showed moderatelarvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in methanol extract of G. Sepium against the larvae of H. armigera. Usually larger doses of plant extract inflict mortality either by inhibiting feeding. The study proves an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the agricultural pest, H. armigera.

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EFFECT OF VARIOUS GROWING MEDIA COMBINATIONS ON ROOT ARCHITECTURE OF ROUGH LEMON (Citrus jambhiri LUSH) AND PONCIRUS (Citrus trifoliata) ROOTSTOCKS FOR HEALTHY CITRUS NURSERY PRODUCTION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Bio-materials play a vital role for plant growth and production as they anchor roots and allow the transport of water and nutrients to the root system. In this regard, a research was conducted at Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha to evaluate the impact of growing media (peat moss, compost, soil, silt, sand, saw dust and leaf manure) in 14 different combinations for rough lemon and trifoliate rootstocks. Five plants per treatment were inserted in black polythene bags filled with the required media under Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and data will be analyzed by STATISTIX 8.1 software package. Data on various root parameters, soil physical and chemical analyses were carried out from treatments were analyzed for determination of N, P, K. Physical analysis of soil mixes i.e. moisture percentage shows that optimum values for citrus nursery production were observed in peat moss+soil+saw dust, leaf manure+soil+saw dust, leaf manure+silt+saw dust and leaf manure+soil+sand. Poor results were observed in soil (controlled) due to more compaction of soil particles. Chemical analysis of soil potting medias i.e. pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents showed favorable results for citrus plant growth and development in soil+silt+saw dust, gave high values of above parameters which showed adverse effect on plant growth and development. Nutrient analysis report of plant leaves i.e. N, P, and K showed these nutrient statuses of soil high in those plants, which were grow well especially in soil+silt+sand, soil+silt+saw dust, leaf manure+silt+saw dust and leaf manure+soil+sand in rough lemon seedling. It was concluded that media combinations containing peat mass+soil+saw dust and leaf manure+soil+saw dust were highly efficient for growth and development of root architecture.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5477

EFFECT OF SEVERAL PACKAGING MATERIALS ON STORAGE STABILITY OF DRIED PERSIMMON (Diospyros kaki L) FRUIT SLICES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A study was performed to assess the stability of sun dried persimmon (Diospyros kaki L) fruit slices during storage in various packaging materials viz wax paper, rice paper, aluminium foil and 150-gauge polypropylene bags and control sample in the Food Science and Technology division, SKUAST Jammu. Assessment was made for changes in chemical attributes of dried slices for 28 days at an interval of seven days of storage. pH, TSS (°brix), moisture (%), ascorbic Acid (%) were determined at seven days  of interval during  storage. Significant decrease in TSS (°brix) was seen in the rice paper package and increase moisture content was observed in all packaging materials. Ascorbic acid content was decreased in all the packaging materials during storage. Dried slices packed in aluminium foil were found to be best followed by 150-gauge polypropylene bags by resulting retention of various nutrients and organoleptic attributes when compared to the other packaging during storage.The sensory analysis also showed samples packed in 150 gauge Polypropylene bag and Almunium Foil Showed strong overall acceptance than the rest of the samples.Hence they prove to be the best packaging materials for the dried persimmon fruit slices.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5476

CLINOSTAT MICROGRAVITY IMPACT ON ROOT MORPHOLOGY OF SELECTED NUTRITIONAL AND ECONOMIC CROPS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The use of the microgravity simulators such as Clinostat has enhanced microgravity research on Earth as engaging in real space flight microgravity experiments are expensive and unusual. The reduction of gravity causes significant changes on biological organisms, macromolecules, fluids and materials. Some of these changes that occur have led to discoveries that have been found to be of social-economic benefits. The use of Clinostat as a source of simulated microgravity impact for the growth of plants has produced several positive implications especially for the agriculture sector. It is also predicted that space explorers in distant future will have improved breeds of crops that will adapt and survive well in the harsh environment of space from microgravity simulations experiments from Earth. In this research, 10 essential plants: peanut, cowpea, watermelon, okra, cotton, cucumber, wheat, sorghum, rice and corn were selected because of their nutritional and economical values. They were separately grown under normal Earth gravity (control) and under simulated-microgravity (clinorotation) using Clinostat. The experimental variables on the Clinostat were rotation-speed, rotational-axis angle and rotation-direction. Observations were made for hours during the experiment on the roots morphological developments range from the physical characterization of the roots to the growth-rate and root-curvature using ImageJ software. Results revealed that there were mostly improved growth-rates and reduced response to gravity per-hour on the microgravity simulated samples than the control plants. The clinorotated-samples root-curvatures ranged from 1.33°/hr to 28.25°/hr for the ten plants; while the 90°-turned sample ranged from 3.99°/hr to 33.13°/hr. The clinorotated-samples of eight plants showed increased growth-rate per hour than their 1 g-control and ranged from 2 mm/hr to 10.75 mm/hr while cotton and sorghum had 2.13 mm/hr and 6.08 mm/hr respectively as decrease in growth-rates. The growth-rate for 1 g-control of the ten plants ranged from 0.69 mm/hr to 8.01 mm/hr.

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GROWTH, FLOWERING AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS OF GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus x hybridus) AS INFLUENCED BY VERNALIZATION AND YEAST TREATMENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, Basrah, Iraq with the aim to study the effect of the vernalization period and active yeast on the vegetative and flowering growth of gladiolus. The experiment involved two factors, which are the vernalization period factor (without treatment, and treatment with temperatures 5 and 10°C), and the second factor included spraying with active yeast extract in three concentrations, which are 0, 3 and 7 g L-1. The results of the study indicated a significant effect of vernalization period of gladiolus corms on plant height. As the treatment of vernalization period at a temperature of 10°C recorded the highest plant height and leaf area of 70.41 cm and 584.02 cm2, respectively. The treatment with active yeast had a significant effect on plant height, as the 7 g L-1treatment, recorded the highest plant height and leaf areas were 69.34 cm and 555.22 cm2, respectively. The vernalization period treatment at 10°C, affected on the time of flowering, as the vernalization period treatment at10°C, recorded the lowest mean for the number of days required for the flowering of plants to 100.99 days, and the highest average for the duration of flowering was 21.22 days. The treatment with active yeast had a significant effect on the number of days required for the flowering of the plants, as the treatment at 7 g L-1, recorded the lowest mean for the number of days required for the flowering of plants was 102.11 and the highest average for the duration of flowering was 21.11 days. The treatment of the vernalization period at a temperature of 10°C recorded the highest percentage, specific weight and oil density, which was 0.29%, 0.366, and 0.76 mg ml-1, respectively. Also, the vernalization period treatment at10°C, recorded the highest mean of the parenchyma cells of the mesophyll tissue and the vascular bundle diameter were 8.92 and 39.56 µm respectively. The treatment with active yeast had a significant effect on the diameter of the parenchymal cells of the mesophyll tissue and vascular bundle, as the treatment of 7 g L-1, recorded the highest means were 9.19 and 40.25 µm, respectively, with a significant difference from the other treatments. As for the interaction between the vernalization period treatment at 10°C and the yeast treatment at 7 g L-1, recorded the highest means of the parenchymal cells of the mesophyll tissue and the vascular bundle diameter, were recorded10.23 and 45.23µm, respectively, with a significant difference from the other treatments.

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A REVIEW ON BIODIVERSITY OF SOME MEDICINAL AND WILD PLANTS AND THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN VECTOR- BORNE DISEASES AND VECTOR CONTROL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Plants have been extensively studied in the search for alternatives to traditional insecticides. During the last decade, their toxic actions against insects have attracted particular attention. Mosquitoes are nuisance pests and a major vector for the spread of many diseases that are life-threatening. These days, mosquito and vector-borne diseases such as Malaria, Chikungunya, Dengue and many more are becoming a major public health concern because they have a social and economic impact in subtropical and tropical countries in particular. Basically, the current prevalence of these diseases is due to the growing resistance of mosquitoes to existing insecticides. Plant-derived products have been used to repel or destroy mosquitoes and other domestic insect pests in many parts of the world. Since they are rich in bioactive chemicals, are active against a small range of organisms, including particular target insects or parasites, and are biodegradable, plants can be a source of alternative insect and parasite control agents. Whereas, rather than the intended pathogen carrier, synthetic drugs and insecticides also cause extensive toxicity and adverse side effects to the end consumer. Upon completion of the literature survey, therefore, it was concluded that the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides of plant origin has received renewed attention as insect control agents and plant products are a good source of medicinal aspects and also of insecticides that are important for the elimination of vector and vector diseases.

The present analysis focuses primarily on the potential for anti-plasmodial or insecticidal properties of certain widely grown plants. If their products are properly developed, these plants can be a good alternative for many vector-borne diseases. This paper addresses the multi-source information fusion approach primarily and offers an algorithm for multi-source information fusion based on a fuzzy partial order relationship. The trick to achieving information fusion is to make all the elements comparable. First, to get the good or bad order of the subjects being assessed and the most important details, we will convert the existing fuzzy partial order into complete order, in addition to obtaining a new framework. Second, we're getting knowledge fusion algorithms. Finally, using an example, we test the feasibility and efficiency of the algorithms.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5481

ALGORITHM FOR MULTI-SOURCE INFORMATION FUSION BASED ON (FUZZY) PARTIAL ORDER RELATION | Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research

The approach for multi-source information fusion is primarily discussed in this paper and offers a multi-source information fusion algorithm based on a fuzzy partial order relationship. The trick to achieving information fusion is to make all the elements comparable. First, to get the good or bad order of the subjects being assessed and the most important details, we will convert the existing fuzzy partial order into complete order, in addition to obtaining a new framework. Second, we're getting knowledge fusion algorithms. Finally, using an example, we test the feasibility and efficiency of the algorithms.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/view/5480

QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF GREEN POVERTY REDUCTION IN HUNAN PROVINCE | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

In order to investigate the relationship between the impact of poverty reduction and green development in Hunan Province, this paper developed the Hunan Province Green Poverty Reduction Index, which was used to calculate the size of the effect of green poverty reduction in Hunan Province. In this paper, the Bureau of Statistics collected relevant data on 48 poverty-stricken counties in Hunan province and estimated the Poverty Reduction Index, the Green Growth Index, and the Green Poverty Reduction Index. Based on the approximate results of the Green Poverty Reduction Assessment Index of 48 poverty-stricken counties (county-level cities) in Hunan Province, a cluster study was conducted.

The study shows that in Hunan province, the green poverty reduction impact of 48 poverty-stricken counties (county-level cities) can be divided into three separate echelons from east to west: the eastern region achieving good results is the first separate echelon, the central region is the second and the western region lags behind.

Please see the link :- https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5485

OPTIMIZATION OF EMS AND DES TREATMENTS FOR INDUCTION OF MUTATIONS IN QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF MAIZE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The LC50 value indicates the genotypic sensitivity of a species in the chemical mutagenesis experiment, which promotes the fixation of appropriate mutagen concentrations to achieve a higher rate of mutations with nominal population damage. The present study was carried out in two separate stages, initially calculating the lethal concentration (LC50) of EMS and DES and finally quantitatively analysing the mutations induced by the established concentrations for the yield characteristics of the indigenous maize germplasm of Mizoram. Analysis of the probit curve based on the germination percentage of treated maize seeds showed that EMS and DES LC50 values were 117.49 mM and 138.04 mM, respectively. Observations on quantitative characteristics have shown that LC50 therapies have successfully induced substantial beneficial genetic variations, including overall average grain (93.41 g) and stover (198.16 g) yield increase in 100 mM EMS therapy. The results indicated that the efficacy of EMS in the induction of useful micro-mutations was relatively higher than that of DES at their respective optimum maize germplasm concentrations in the current study. In conclusion, the study verified and recommends the use of EMS and DES concentrations up to an optimum of 100 mM and 150 mM respectively to produce a large range of quantitative yield mutations that could be useful in potential Mizoram indigenous maize germplasm mutation breeding programmes.

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STATUS OF DISEASE BY NOVEL CORONAVIRUS AND ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY IN MÉXICO, UNTIL JULY 31, 2020 | Journal of Medicine and Health Research

Background: With the advent of a pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection in China and its spread to other countries, mortality has been shown to be high and, if underlying pathologies exist, to a greater degree.

Methods: an ecological review (cases for Mexican states) and a cross-sectional sample (individual data) of the open records of reported and discarded COVID-19 cases performed by the Directorate General of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health of Mexico.

Results: Specific mortality is estimated to be 10.99 percent, higher in men aged 65 or older. The mortality rate from underlying diseases was higher than that recorded in the United States of America and Brazil in August 2020 by the World Health Organization. The protective factor for COVID-19 mortality was found to be asthma.

Conclusion: It is assumed that, in the case of comorbidity, mortality was higher.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOMAHR/article/view/5483

JASMONIC ACID REGULATES THE PHYSIO-BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MODIFICATIONS IN VARIOUS PLANT MODELS TRIGGERED BY BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important part of plant growth regulator (PGR) family with their ubiquitous presence in higher plants with various roles in the physiology, growth and development of plants. Jasmonic acid is one of the chief composites to play a principle role in plant signaling during environmental stress, both biotic and abiotic. Jasmonates are very important bioactive molecule in the signal transduction mechanism during plant stress. Jasmonic acid pathway activation is initiated by the interaction of jasmonic acid and isoleucine (JA-Ile) coupled with CORONATINE insensitive (COI 1) receptors. This interaction further triggers proteolysis of jasmonate ZIM domain, a transcriptional repressor, triggering proteolysis. In this literature survey, we have emphasized on the important research findings on the role of jasmonic acid as chief regulator and modulator of plant growth and development during varied biotic and abiotic stress. The review discusses different plant systems Solanum lycopersicum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Malus baccata Borkh, Nicotianna attenuate, Brassica species in Brassica campestris, Brassica napus and Brassica juncea , used as models to study the role of jasmonic acid in various conditions like, regulating Mi 1.2, PR1 and PR6 genes expression, PIN mediated polar auxin transport, proline accumulation, jasmonic acid-absicisic acid interaction, oxidative damage by regulating the mechanism of AsA-GSH cycle under low root temperature, elicitor of (E)-α- bergamotene generation, CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (irCOI1) regulation, xylogenesis in hypocotyls of seedlings subjected to jasmonic acid methyl-ester (JAMe) with and without 1 aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and indole-3-acetic acid, PIN7 expression suppression by jasmonic acid.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5402

In vitro PROPAGATION OF Cissampelos pareira Linn (DIYAMITHTHA): AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL HERB

Cissampelos pareira Linn: a slender climbing plant of family Menispermaceae, is a highly valued medicinal species known as “Diyamiththa” in Sri Lanka. An in vitro establishment protocol was developed for this important medicinal herb in order to mass production of plantlets using nodal segments. Best surface sterilization procedure was tested using combinations of three Clorox concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) and two exposure time periods (10 min, 20 min). For inducing and multiplication of shoots, the established cultures were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various combinations and concentrations of kinetin (1.0, 1.5, 2.0(mgL-1) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1.0, 2.0(mgL-1)) with constant level of 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1.0 mgL-1). For root induction, micro-shoots were transferred to half strength MS medium with Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (0.5 (mg/L) and four levels of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 (mgL-1). The study was carried out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 20 replicates. Results revealed that surface sterilization with 20% Clorox for 20 minutes showed significantly least contaminations (12.5%) (p = 0.05). Highest shoot proliferation rate (7.8) was observed in MS medium supplemented with 0.1mgL-1NAA, 2 mgL-1BAP and 2mgL-1 Kinetin after five weeks from culture initiation. The highest percentage of root formation, highest number of roots and highest length of roots were recorded in half strength MS medium with 0.5 mgL-1IAA and 1.0 mgL-1 IBA. Values were significantly higher than all other treatments (p = 0.05). Findings of the study can be used for commercial cultivation and further studies of Cissampelos pareira Linn.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5401

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES USING DIFFERENT MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ITS UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Gold nanoparticles are the most prominent metal nanoparticles and having wide range of applications in drug delivery and many therapeutic potentials.

Materials and Methods: In this present investigation we have used some Indian herbal plants for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial efficacy was measured.

Results: The medicinal plants such as Alternanthera bettzickiana, Gymnema sylvestre and Andrographis paniculata used for the synthesis and characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Conclusion: The plant mediated gold nanoparticles may used in the controlling of pathogens in various medical field.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5400

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING GRAPE SEED EXTRACT AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology (NPs) is a modern science technology with major applications, including industries in medicine and pharmacology. In this research, the processing of zinc oxide nanoparticles from non-toxic grape seed extract as a reducing agent has been used for cost-effective and eco-friendly green synthesis.

Objective: To synthesise and characterise zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by grape seed extract.

Materials and Methods: Green synthesis was used to synthesise the zinc oxide nanoparticles. Morphological features such as the form and size of the green synthesised zinc nanoparticles obtained via transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results: The results indicate that the nanoparticles mediated by the synthesised grape seed extract are eco-friendly, good and non-toxic. In the graph seed extract solution, the visual colour change observed indicates the presence of nanoparticles of zinc oxide. The particle size ranges from 20 to 30 microns, clearly demonstrating the existence of ZnO NPs in spherical form. At 410 nm, the absorption produced in the reaction media has an absorbance peak. The TEM exhibits spherical shapes and nanoparticles that are flexible. They seem to be structured in an open superstructure and cluster.

Conclusion: A simple, biological and low-cost approach to the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using grape seed extract was conducted in this report. In order to know the efficacy of these nanoparticles, synthesised grape seed extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles can therefore be subjected to various other biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic assessment.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5399

ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL LOAD IN BRANDED DRIED TEA MARKETED IN SMALL POUCHES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Tea is the most frequently consumed drink in the world after wine, being an aromatic beverage typically prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured Camellia sinensis leaves. Microbial contamination of tea powder can occur frequently due to mismanagement and unhygienic conditions during tea storage and processing. Serious health risks can result from this microbial contamination. The goal of the study is to perform a microbial analysis of 10 samples of commercially available tea pouches to investigate the presence of different microorganisms, including fungi, in tea powder samples. According to the report, 80 percent of the samples (8 out of 10) of branded tea sold in small pouches and the number of bacterial colonies ranged from 2-68 CFUs were found to have a bacterial load; sample no 7 showed the highest bacterial count of 68 CFUs. Bacillus was the bacteria that was widely observed and 60% of the sample (6 out of 10) pouches also had fungal load. This research serves as an eye opener to tea addicts and makes them aware of the risk during the shelf time of rising microbial load.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5398

ENAMEL RE-MINERALIZING CAPACITY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT (GSE)- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Dental caries are infectious diseases caused by enamel, dentin and cement dissolution caused by acidogenic bacteria. If an appropriate treatment plan for initial carious lesions is formulated, they are able to avoid hardening and then return to their healthy state. Over the years, various commercially available re-mineralizing agents have been used. A variety of plant extracts have been studied recently. Some of the plant products extensively researched are grape seed, cranberry, and guava leaves. Grape seed extract is obtained primarily from grape seeds. It is abundant in antioxidants and complexes of oligomeric proanthocyanin and has been associated with a wide range of potential health benefits.

Objective: To classify the different studies and literature in which grape seed extract was used as a re-mineralizing agent by means of systematic analysis.

Materials and Methods: Search terms such as enamel re-mineralization, enamel re-mineralizing agents, grape seed extract, de-mineralized enamel etc. were used in the electronic database (i.e. PUBMED CENTRAL and Medline) alone and in combination by means of a PUBMED search builder. In vivo or ex vivo experiments were included in the inclusion criteria in which the Grape Seed Extract (GSE) re-mineralizing ability was compared with other re-mineralizing agents.

Results: All inclusion requirements were met by a total of 3 publications. All of the included studies showed that Grape Seed Extract (GSE) had substantial or positive enamel re-mineralization potential. However, one study found that, compared to other commercially available re-mineralizing agents, the re-mineralizing ability was inferior (Standard Stannous Fluoride).

Conclusion: The study ends with the evidence available that Grape Seed Extract (GSE) is an important enamel re-mineralizing agent. However, compared to other commercially available re-mineralizing agents, its capacity to re-mineralize enamel is inferior.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5397

ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING CLOVE AND CINNAMON: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: Synthesized from plant sources, selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are eco-friendly, cost-effective and have a wide variety of applications. The anti-inflammatory properties of selenium produced by different sources of herbs have been well studied. Clove and cinnamon have been used to generate Se NPs in this research.

Goal: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the use of cloves and cinnamon in selenium nanoparticles.

Materials and methods: 0.5 gm of powdered clove and 0.5 gm of powdered cinnamon were collected and mixed with 100 ml of water. This extract is then boiled at 90 °C in a hot water bath, added 0.80 gm of selenium to this solution and subjected to continuous stirring until the brown suspension forms. The antimicrobial property against Candida albicans was evaluated and centrifuged for 10 minutes.

Results: The peak in UV spectroscopy found at 650 nm indicates the formation of selenium nanoparticles. The study found that, with an improvement in the concentration of cloves and cinnamon, selenium nanoparticles mediated the inhibition zone toward C. Albicans have been elevated. 12 mm at 150 μl was the maximum zone of inhibition collected.

Conclusion: Instead of using traditional anti-inflammatory agents to mitigate their side effects, selenium nanoparticles developed using cloves and cinnamon have strong anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in the future as pastes, gels, etc. for topical application.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5396
    

QUANTUM HYDRODYNAMIC OF ULTRACOLD ATOMIC GAS IN ROTATING TRAPS | Journal of Applied Physical Science International

Theoretically, we explored different properties of systems in this work, including the density profiles and ground state properties of trapped condensates at different interaction limits, the rotational properties of the condensates confined at different rotational and trap frequencies in a harmonic trap. As a result, the gas appears to increase its central density in attractive interaction in order to lower the energy of the interaction. The vortices form a dense triangular array as the condensate rotates with angular velocity, nucleating one or more vortices with many visible effects with faster rotation.

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COMPARATIVE COMPARISON OF TELEWORKING BETWEEN IRAN AND CANADA | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

Extensive and rapid developments in technology have had a number of impacts, including ways of doing jobs and job duties, on different aspects of human society. Teleworking is a modern way of doing things at the personal and organisational level that has different advantages. We have discussed the theoretical and realistic perspectives of teleworking in this article. We have studied the advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting in statistical reports, especially in developing countries where the administrative structure is constantly improving. These reports indicate that teleworking was not sufficiently used, despite the requisite infrastructure. A government department survey was also conducted to survey workers on whether they were prepared to work. A comprehensive concept of teleworking is a choice of how to do work, enabling workers to do more or part of their job outside the work area, which means that people can talk from home, from a remote contact centre, and do their homework near home or at work.

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EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES AND BIOPESTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF Alternaria BLACK ROT DISEASE IN CITRUS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Citrus is one of Pakistan's main commercial fruit crops. Various factors can affect the quality and quantity of citrus, including diseases, particularly fungal diseases. Among the fungal diseases in Pakistan, black rot disease (Alternaria citri) causes major reductions in citrus quality and quantity. Effectively, fungicides and biopesticides regulate citrus black rot disease. In the current analysis, under laboratory and field conditions, six fungicides and gel extracts from Aloe vera were evaluated. Three separate concentrations of fungicides (5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm): Cabriotop, Amistar, Rally, Nativo Performance and Topsin M were tested under laboratory conditions using food poisoning techniques and spraying on citrus trees under field conditions. Amistar demonstrated the highest inhibition (59.29 percent) and 52.59 percent at concentrations of 15 ppm and 10 ppm respectively in laboratory conditions. Although Rally and Nativo demonstrated a minimum inhibition of 29.54 and 31.65 percent at a concentration of 5 ppm. At 15 ppm, Cabriotop and success demonstrated full inhibition. Amistar reported the highest inhibition in field conditions (52.70 percent) compared to other tested fungicides, followed by Cabriotop (38.28 percent), Rally (36.03 percent) and Nativo (38.28 percent) compared to other tested fungicides (35.58 percent ). However, Progress and Topsin-M respectively demonstrated marginal inhibition of 32.88 percent and 27.47 percent. Three plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Alternaria citri mycelial growth. At 6 percent concentration (48.31 percent), Parthenium showed maximum inhibition, followed by Akk 40.65 percent, while Aloe vera showed 34.45 percent minimum inhibition. Parthenium also showed remarkable results at concentrations of 4 and 2 percent relative to other therapies studied. In conclusion, the current studies have shown that the use of Amistar fungicides and Parthenium extract has great potential for citrus black rot disease control.

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THE EFFECT OF Azotobacter chroococcum (A22 ISOLATE) ON IMPROVING THE GROWTH AND NUTRIENTS ABSORPTION OF MAIZE PLANTS TREATED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT SALT LEVELS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

During the 2018 season, the pots experiment was performed in the canopy wired, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, to determine the impact of Azotobacter chroococcum (A22 isolate) to boost the growth of maize grown in salt-affected soils, the experiment included four nitrogen levels 0, 50, 75 and 100 percent of the 150 kg N.ha-1 recommendation of nitrogen fertiliser, with three nitrogen levels. The results showed that A22 isolation inoculate increased dry weight by 22.25 percent and N, P and K absorbed by 37.04, 89.4 and 27.6 percent, respectively, compared to control un inoculates, inoculation with this isolate A22 decreased the recommendation for nitrogen fertiliser by 25 percent and improved maize growth under conditions of salt stress.

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EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF "ROYAL" APRICOT TREES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

During 2018, the research was conducted using 'Royal' Apricot trees, 5 years old, plants budded on 'Seedy' apricot rootstock, grown in a private orchard, at Dakok in Iraq's Kirkuk Governorate. For this analysis, twenty-seven uniform trees were chosen and all of them were subjected to the same field practises. The results showed that foliar application with K treatments achieved the highest value in shoot length, leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content in the analysis of K and Ca foliar application on growth fruit characteristics and yield. Data showed that the procedure (K 4000 mg/L + Ca chelated 1000 mg/L) had the best results compared to other combinations and controls in terms of the overlap between K and Ca chelated treatments. The greater results in all parameters were also substantially achieved by 4000 mg/L K and 1000 mg/L Ca chelated and their interactive results.

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THE EFFECT OF LIGNIN CONTENT ON LIGNOCELLULOLYTIC ENZYME PRODUCTION USING Trichoderma reesei WITH BMR Sorghum VARIETIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Current research focuses on the ability to manufacture solid state fermentation cellulase (CMCase, Fpase and β-glucosidase) and xylanase using Trichoderma reesei. Low lignin biomass content was preferred for fast digestibility, so we used Brown Mid Rib (BMR) 22, 24 and Non-Brown Mid Rib CSH 22 low lignin Sorghum varieties as a substrate and were subjected to two pretreatment methods (acid and alkali) to achieve maximum cellulose yield and delignification and to use maximum cellulose yield conditions for further fermentation. The highest CMCase activity (39.42 ± 4.75 IU/g), Fpase activity (13.6 ± 1.82 IU/g) and β-glucosidase activity (2.6 ± 0.19 IU/g) were obtained as substrate using pretreated BMR24 (6% NaOH 100 °C 30 min). However, the highest xylanase activity was observed at 80.9 ± 7.66 IU/g on the 7th day of incubation with pretreated (3% H2SO4 80 °C 30 min) CSH 22 Sorghum biomass as substrate, but BMR 22 and 24 mutant varieties were not active in producing xylanase. The results showed that pretreatment of sorghum biomass BMR 22, 24 and CSH22 effectively reduced lignin content and increased sugar supply during solid state fermentation.

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In silico ANALYSIS OF Pseudomonas CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Polysaccharides are normal macromolecules composed of various sugar repeat units. Bacterial cellulose exopolysaccharides have wide applications from food to cosmetics and are therefore attracting the great attention of several researchers. There are several enzymes for catalysing the final product in the cellulose processing pathway. The major role in this development is played by cellulose synthase A as the catalytic subunit. The physiochemical characteristics of Pseudomonas of this silico enzyme catalytic subunit indicated that molecular weights ranged from 78kDa to 99kDa. This catalytic enzyme subunit is insoluble and two disulphide bonds have been found in the structure of some of them (A0A560SVT9, A0A2N8ERT3). In addition, aromatic residues were about 11 percent to 12 percent and pseudomonas cellulose synthase A isoelectric point (pI) was 8.6 (A0A1B4X6C1) to 9.74 (A0A1B4X6C1) (A0A5N9I3A8). The Aliphatic Index (AI) was in the range of 102.4 to 104.04.04 (A0A1B4X6C1) (A0A5N9I3A8). The Grand Average Hydropathy (GRAVY) was lower than 0.218, suggesting the insolubility of the enzymes in these catalytic subunits. The knowledge provided here on the structural and conformation characteristics of Pseudomonas cellulose synthase A may provide new insight into enzyme engineering and microbial cellulose development classifications.

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THE USE OF THREE FUNGAL STRAINS IN PRODUCING OF INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID AND GIBBERELLLIC ACID | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The successful conditions of Trichoderma harzianum UzCF-55, Penicillium canescens UzCF-54, Fusarium moniliforme UzGC-12 fungal strains producing Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and Gibberellic acid (GA) were investigated in this work. The optimum pH of the nutrients for the strains was found to be 5.5 for Mandel's and 6.8 for the media of Czapek, with incubation temperature intervals of 28-30 ° C for 10 days. Synthesized quantitative study of the IAA by T. Harzianum UzCF-55 showed that the highest acid levels were 1.16 mg/mL and 0.74 mg/mL, respectively, on the sixth day of the exponential growth process of micromycetes, while after the ninth day they were 0.318 mg/ml and 0.17 mg/mL for the GA. During similar days of incubation, the quantities of IAA and GA synthesised by P. canescens UzCF-54 were 0.98 mg/mL and 0.38 mg/mL, both showing higher amounts than the control strain. F. The UzGC-12 moniliforme strain synthesised 0.63 mg/mL of IAA and 0.39 mg/mL of GA, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) studies of micromycetes showed 174.00 m/z mass fractions corresponding to IAA molecular mass, 363.00 m/z of GA7 and 361.00 m/z of GA3, suggesting strain synthesis of gibberellins.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF A NATURAL PRODUCT BASED ON ESSENTIAL OILS WITH IMAZALIL AND THIABENDAZOLE ON Penicillium digitatum AND Penicillium italicum | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this paper is to compare the in vitro antifungal activity of an innovative product composed of essential oils, baptized NPP (Natural Plant Protector), which is currently in the testing phase in a Moroccan citrus packinghouse, with the antifungal activity of the two most commonly used chemical antifungals in citrus packinghouses; Imazalil and Thiabendazole, on two isolates of Penicillium: Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of NPP, Imazalil and Thiabendazole either separately or in combination were determined by the macro-dilution method in malt extract broth. The obtained results showed that both Penicillium isolates were more sensitive to the NPP than the Imazalil and Thiabendazole. In fact, the MIC and MFC values of Imazalil and Thiabendazole for the two Penicillium spp. isolates were high and exceeded the doses authorized by the Moroccan legislation for the treatment of citrus fruits in packinghouses at drencher stage. However, the MIC and MFC values of NPP were lower than the recommended doses by the producer (LIAV) for the treatment of citrus fruits. The combination of the NPP with either imazalil or thiabendazole improved their efficacy on the two isolates of Penicillium spp. These results demonstrated that NPP showed a strong antifungal activity against Penicillium spp. isolates.  It can therefore replace Imazalil and Thiabendazole or improve their efficacy in the citrus packinghouse.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5380

In vitro ANTI- CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY OF Lactuca sativa ON ORAL CANCER CELL LINES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Lettuce, known as Lactuca sativa is a leafy vegetable belonging to the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is available in many varieties and is said to be a rich source of Vitamin K and Vitamin A. It is an ingredient used in various salads and foods and is said to have a lot of nutrients. It is used as a weight loss vegetable and is also referred to as ‘rabbit food’. Lettuce is very low in calories but is an excellent source of Vitamin A and beta carotenes which have antioxidant properties. The minerals present in lettuce are calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc. It also contains essential vitamins like thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6 and Vitamin E.

Aim: The main objective of this study is to analyse the In-vitro anti-carcinogenic activity of Lactuca sativa extract on oral cancer cell lines.

Materials and Methods: The extract of Lactuca sativa was prepared by crushing the leaf and mixed with suitable solvents. The assay used for this research is MTT assay.

Results and Discussion: In this experiment, the cell inhibitory action is taken into account. The drug tamoxifen is taken as the positive control. As we can see, the cell inhibition increases as the concentration of the extract increases. Hence the extract gives an anti-carcinogenic activity on the oral cancer cells.

Conclusion: The plant Lactuca sativa has anti-carcinogenic activity on oral cancer cells. Hence it can be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of cancer.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5383

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GRAPE SEED MEDIATED TiO2 NANOPARTICLES: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: With the development of nanotechnology, there has been a tremendous growth in the application of nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, antibacterial materials, cosmetics, sunscreens, and electronics. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are manufactured worldwide for a variety of engineering and bioengineering applications. TiO2 NPs under ultraviolet radiation produce a strong oxidative effect through the formation of above-mentioned reactive oxygen species and can be used as a photocatalytic disinfectant without other chemical reagents.

Aim: To assess the antioxidant activity of grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: The collected fruit seeds were washed dried powdered and subjected to nanoparticles synthesis by adding titanium oxide solution to the grape seed extract solution. The solution was centrifuged and checked for absorbance using the spectrometry. The antioxidant property of the extract was evaluated using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) assay. The results were analyzed and graphs were plotted.

Results: The titanium nanoparticles showed strong spectrophotometric absorbance around 370 nm. When subjected to DPPH assay to check for its antioxidant activity, grape seed mediated titanium oxide nanoparticles showed highest antioxidant activity at a concentration of 50 μl (80%).

Conclusion: The grape seed mediated TiO2 showed efficacious and potent antioxidant properties and therefore can be used for further applications in the medical field.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5381

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT MEDIATED TITANIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Candida albicans: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: In today’s age, the incidence of local and systemic fungal diseases has increased due to a rise of new and fatal immunodeficiency diseases as well as immune-suppressive therapy due to which there is a heightened increase in the use of antifungal drugs which have significant side effects. Nanotechnology is rapidly growing in various fields of science.

Aim: To determine the antifungal activity of grape seed-mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles against Candida albicans.

Materials and Methods: The collected grape seeds were powdered and stored in an airtight container. 1 g of grape seed extract was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and was boiled for 15 minutes. The solution was filtered, to which 20 ml of distilled water was added. To this solution 0.862 g of titanium dioxide was added and was subjected to constant stirring until the formation of white suspension. This was centrifuged for 10 minutes and the antifungal property against Candida albicans was assessed.

Results: The peak found at 650 nm in the UV spectroscopy indicates the formation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. From the study it was found that with the increase in the concentration of the grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles, the zone of inhibition against C. albicans was increased. The highest zone of inhibition obtained was 12 mm at 150 microliters.

Conclusion: The antifungal activity of grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles was studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal activity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5379

ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF LODHRA BARK (Symphlocus racemosa) MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The absolute objective of the analysis is to discover the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles mediated by Lodhra bark against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: The plant extract, which is used to synthesise nanoparticles, is collected and dried and powdered and mixed with water. Using the agar well diffusion process, synthesised nanoparticles were tested for their antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens.

Results and Discussion: Antibacterial and antifungal operation of oral pathogens is carried out from synthesised nanoparticles and the inhibition zone is shown.

Conclusion: Lactobacillus sp and Candida albicans are affected by silver nanoparticles.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5378

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING Maranta arundinacea AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Nanoparticles are a special category of materials with particular characteristics and in many fields have broad applications. Arrowroot is a starch that is derived from many tropical plant rhizomes, usually Maranta arundinacea, and also contains strong medicinal and antimicrobial properties. Hence, Maranta arundinacea synthesis ZnO nanoparticles are the field of focus here.

Materials and Methods: Arrow root extract preparation: Fresh arrowroot powder has been obtained from the market. One gramme of arrow root powder extract that has been freshly collected is mixed with 100 ml of water and boiled for three to five minutes. Using filter paper, this mixture is filtered.

Preparation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: In 50ml of distilled water, 0.861g of Zinc Sulphate is applied. An extract of this arrow root has been added. The solution was combined with plant extract and the ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using it.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity: antibacterial and antimicrobial activity The green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles has been evaluated against oral pathogens S.mutans, Lactobacillus, C. Albicans. Albicans.

Observation: The inhibition zone for zinc oxide nanoparticles was observed and it was calculated that the antifungal activity of the zinc oxide nanoparticles against Candida albicans was large. The nanoparticles of zinc oxide have also been found to provide greater antibacterial activity than the typical drug used.

Results: As a consequence, it is clear that nanoparticles of zinc oxide had greater antimicrobial activity and this is preferred for the next generation to be used as the drug of preference.

Goal: The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Maranta arundinacea-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles.


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EFFICACY OF Azadirachta indica ESSENTIAL OIL BIO-COMPOUNDS AGAINST csuE AMONG Acinetobacter baumannii - AN in-silico ANALYSIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii has become one of the most prominent pathogens which, particularly in intensive care units, cause a wide range of serious infections. CsuE-mediated biofilm formation plays a role in biotic and abiotic substrates being bacterially attached. In vivo, biofilms are heterogeneous, containing numerous microorganisms that associate with each other and form a complicated population of multiple species. Azadirachta indica (neem) is a world-renowned medicinal plant that has, since time immemorial, a long history of use in various diseases in traditional Indian medical systems (Ayurveda, Unani, Tibetan).

Content and Methods: Compound effectiveness in A. Using bioinformatics databases and resources such as ramachandran validation and auto-docking method, Indica essential oil against csuE was evaluated.

Results: The drug and the ligands were found to be promising in structure retrieval. The selected bioactive compounds of A were shown by drug-ligand interactions. Indica and Ceftazidime control drugs were successful against the development of A by csuE. From baumannii. Imidazole-2-carboxylic acid, 4-methyl, and ethyl 6,8-difluro-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylate have been found to have heavy hydrogen bonds and fewer binding energies in csuE.

Conclusion: We have found a promising interaction between bioactive compounds of A within the constraints of this analysis. Ndica and A. csuE genes. Baumannianiii

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ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF CORIANDER OLEORESIN MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Goal: To test the antibacterial and antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles mediated by coriander oleoresin.

Materials and Methods: Silver nanoparticles mediated by coriander oleoresin were initially prepared and validated using UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The prepared silver nanoparticles mediated by Coriander oleoresin were further evaluated by standard procedure against S for their antimicrobial properties. Lactobacillus, S. Mutans, S. Aureus, C. Albicans.

Results and Discussion: The study demonstrated peak UV-Visible spectroscopy at 420 nm, suggesting synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Dose-dependent antibacterial activity with S was demonstrated. With aureus and S. Muthans, mutans. S. Coriander oleoresin-mediated silver nanoparticles with a maximum inhibition zone of 22 mm at their peak concentration (150μL) were very sensitive to aureus. At all concentrations used, Lactobacillus showed the same zone of inhibition. C. Albicans, at their maximum concentration (150 μL) of nanoparticles, have the highest inhibition zone (20 mm).

Conclusion: This study concludes that silver nanoparticles induced by Coriander oleoresin have strong antimicrobial activity and can be used for infections caused by S. Mutans, S. Mutans Aureus, C. Albicans. Albicans.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5370

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF LYCOPENE INCORPORATED CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES USING BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY ASSAY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: In the past few years, there has been an increase in periodontal disorder, which can be due to different causes. The treatment modality, however, remains the same, which is to recognise the cause of the disease and remove the cause of the oral cavity to create a safe microenvironment to repair itself to its full ability. The use of nanotechnology has become increasingly common in different dentistry fields.

Aim: The research aims to test the cytotoxic impact of chitosan nanoparticles incorporated with lycopene using a brine shrimp lethality assay.

Materials and Methods: The analysis included the assessment of the ability of lycopene-integrated chitosan nanoparticles ranging from 5 (μl - microlitre) to 50 μl as an emerging dental nanomedicine at different concentrations. A primary level animal test on brine shrimps was performed using the standard brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) method in order to test its cytotoxicity.

Results: The analysis shows that the levels of cytotoxicity (calculated in relation to the BSLA mortality rates) are directly proportional to the nanoparticle concentration used. It was noted that in all concentrations except 50 μl, lycopene has comparatively low cytotoxic levels, chitosan has a high cytotoxic level of more than 5 μl and the nanoparticle compound also has a high cytotoxicity of 5 μl. Another result from the analysis is that as compared to the compound particle, the individual components of the nanoparticles exhibited much less toxicity.

Conclusion: The analysis showed that the nanoparticle compound exhibits minimal toxicity at concentrations below 5 microL, but substantial nanoparticle toxicity occurs at higher concentrations. This provides an insight into the drug's secure dosage calculations. To ensure its protection and clinical applications, further research is required.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5368