EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GROWTH HORMONES ON in vitro PROPAGATION OF MEDICINAL WEED- Scoparia dulcis L. | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An successful method for the conservation of valuable plants has been provided by in vitro propagation. The objective of the investigation was to identify the effect of the various growth regulators on the propagation of Scoparia dulcis L in vitro. Usage of leaves, nodes and internodes as explants in Murashige and Skoog (M.S.) media. The research was conducted in 2017 at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Botany, Patna Science College, Patna. During the research project, M.S. Fortified media with different combinations and concentrations of 2,4-D, IAA, BAP+2,4-D for callogenesis and BAP+IAA, BAP+NAA for shoot induction and individual IBA and NAA for root formation in both solid and liquid media were used. During the analysis, it was found out that callogenesis was best done in leaf explants. The overall average number of shoots was produced from callus at 1.5mg/l BAP+0.5mg/l IAA. The maximum average number of roots was generated at 0.5mg/l NAA in half strength liquid media. The regenerated plantlet survival rate was 85 percent . The investigation will also help to develop an efficient protocol for the protection of the ruderal weed in vitro- Scoparia dulcis L.

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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Acacia catechu SEED EXTRACT- AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An antifungal is an agent that destroys or inhibits the production of microorganisms including Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, etc. Acacia catechu is a deciduous, thorny tree that grows up to 15 m (50 ft) in height, often commonly referred to as Mimosa catechu. Traditionally, Acacia catechu is used for treating many diseases and is widely used for healthcare for mothers and infants. Taxifolin, which has antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant function, is the key constituent of Acacia catechu. The fungal cultures were swabbed on sterile plates which contained Sabouraud dextrose agar. Wells with a diameter of 6 mm were bored into each plate. The wells were packed with differing sample concentrations. For assessment, the plates were incubated at 28 ° C for 72 h. In millimeters, the diameter of inhibition zones formed around the wells was measured. For all the samples, the analysis was carried out in duplicates. The study shows that acacia catechu seed extract is highly successful in demonstrating antifungal activity against the fungal pathogens Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans (a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml showed an inhibition zone of 13.5 mm for Candida albicans and an inhibition zone of 7.5 mm for Aspergillus niger on average). The higher the extract's concentration, the greater the antifungal activity. The above study shows that acacia catechu seeds have a high degree of antifungal activity against pathogens causing diseases and can be used to remove the oral manifestations caused by these species in dentistry.

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ROLE OF MICROFINANCE LOAN OFFICERS IN DEVELOPING ENTREPRENEURS: A CASE STUDY FROM SRI LANKA | Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies

Although the studies primarily investigated the role of microfinance institutions in the creation of entrepreneurs, Microfinance Loan Officers are the real 'connect pins' between the institute and the entrepreneurs (MLOs). While their traditional position in debt collection is allocated to them, MLOs today play multiple roles in the creation of entrepreneurs. In the microfinance literature, however, their position has not been adequately researched, leaving a gap to be addressed. The role of microfinance loan officers in developing entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka is therefore discussed in this paper. This is a qualitative analysis using primary data collected from entrepreneurs who, in terms of portfolio and client base, are the customers of a large MFI in Sri Lanka. Via three focus group conversations with entrepreneurs, data was obtained. Every focus group was made up of 5 entrepreneurs representing the MFI chosen. Thus, from the chosen MFI, the sample size is 15 entrepreneurs and microfinance loan officers are the unit of study. The study found that MLOs play a crucial but multiple role in the growth of entrepreneurs at the various stages of the process of entrepreneurial development: MLOs perform initial on-site consumer surveys, evaluate creditworthiness before disbursing loans, provide credit advice, promote entrepreneurial training and organize a versatile approach to entrepreneurship The study made recommendations on the basis of those results.

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OPTIMIZATION OF WEED SEED DORMANCY BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TREATMENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A very significant ecological role is played by weed dormancy. It prevents the seeds from germinating as soon as possible and from being killed by unfavorable climatic conditions for their development. Dormancy is the outcome of a complex relationship between the genome and the agroclimatic factors encountered during their "reproductive and vegetative phase" by seed-bearing plants. Awareness of the time of emergence and the dynamics of the germination of weed seeds and the factors that affect them gives us an idea of the infestation of these weeds in agricultural areas, which would decrease the use of herbicides without affecting crop yields or the level of weed control. The results of seed germination tests and the emergence of dormancy of the following weeds are described in this paper: Phalaris brachystachys, Avena sterilis, Ridolfia segetum, Centaurea diluta, Cichorium endivia, Lolium rigidumn and Picris echioides, in which four methods were applied to seeds, a chemical treatment with the phytohormone giberelic acid (GA3), mechanica mechanica, in order to encourage germination. The results showed that mechanical and chemical scarification, with an average of 81.42 percent and 75.23 percent respectively, reported the highest germination percentages in our genus, whereas stratification (0 ° and 4 °) gave a low average of 62 percent and 67 percent . The findings found confirm with others that mechanical scarification and chemical treatment with gibberellic acid induces to a greater degree germination of the seeds examined. A physical dormancy caused by their teguments is thus exposed. This will allow farmers to use 0° and 4° stratification to block germination of seed weeds.

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In vitro ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF Vitis vinifera SEED EXTRACT USING ALBUMIN DENATURATION ASSAY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Inflammation is the immune system's primary reaction to harmful stimuli, such as bacteria, infected cells, radioactive substances, or irradiation, and works by eliminating harmful stimuli and initiating the healing process. Like flavonoids, polyphenols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins, and the stilbene derivative resveratrol, Vitis Vinifera contains multiple active components. In particular, grape seed extract has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic effects, such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of grape seed extract using an albumin denaturation assay.

Materials and Methods: First, a concentrated grape seed extract solution was manufactured. This solution was then tested using the Albumin Denaturation Assay at various concentrations (10-50 ug/mL) for its anti inflammatory effect. At 660 nm, the absorbance value was registered.

Results: Grape seed extract has been shown to have strong anti inflammatory activity through this experiment. It has been shown to have stronger anti-inflammatory properties than the sodium-diclofenac norm. It has less side effects than the standard, too. It contains polyphenols, which are responsible for this effect in large part.

Conclusion: The absorbance rate increases at 660 nm with increasing concentrations of grape seed extract, suggesting that the percent inhibition of GSE also increases in the same way.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN NANO IRON AND IRON EDTA AS FOLIAR FERTILIZERS UNDER SALT STRESS CONDITIONS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In comparison to Fe-EDTA under salt stress conditions, a greenhouse experiment was adopted to investigate the effect of nano Fe on the growth, nutrient concentration, and content of sorghum straw, racemes, and entire shoots. Two iron fertilizer sources were sprayed; nano Fe 1.35 g/L, Fe-EDTA 3 g/L, and as a monitor, distilled water was used. As a control, sorghum plants were irrigated by diluted seawater at a rate of 2.5, 5% seawater, and tap water. The findings of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the form of the nano Fe used was spherical with a mean particle size of 47.67nm. The growth attributes were reduced only by the elevated salinity level. The growth parameters reported in iron-EDTA treatments were, as an unexpected result, superior to those obtained from the nano-iron source, irrespective of the level of salinity. The foliar application of iron EDTA increased by 24.0, 57.6, 22.5, 53.1, 62.2, 39.0, 16.4 and 34.0 percent plant height, fresh weight (fw) of straw, fw of raceme, fw of whole plant, dry weight (dw) of stem, dw of straw, dw of raceme and dw of whole shoot compared to nano-Fe, respectively. As indicated by the presence of four petal flower-like silicon units in SEM micrographs of nano Fe-sprayed leaves, we attributed this finding to the plant's protective response to the nano-iron.

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In vitro XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF ONION OIL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The common onion, the most predominantly cultivated species of the genus Allium, is Allium cepa L., (A. cepa). In recent years, due to their nutritional, industrial and medicinal value, there has been an interest in discovering new sources of edible oils, such as plant seeds. In the world, the consumption of onions has risen dramatically, mostly because of the health benefits they provide. A. Cepa has a high content of both non-volatile and volatile organosulphur compounds, which are responsible for the onion's usual pungency, smell and taste. Onion extracts, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antiasthmatic, immunomodulatory and prebiotic activities, have recently been reported to be effective in cardiovascular disease and have several other biological activities. Gout is a condition arising from an elevated accumulation of uric acid in the joints and muscles and due to increased xanthine oxidase enzyme activity involved in the metabolism of nucleotides. Xanthine oxidase converts xanthine to uric acid and then to hypoxanthine. The present study focuses on the evaluation and screening of the phytochemical constituents present in the in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) activity of onion oil. Normal procedures were carried out for in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and phytochemical screening of onion oil. The findings showed that onion oil had an in vitro inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase. The oil showed a dose-dependent increase in inhibitory activity relative to the regular drug allopurinol, which was lower. As xanthine oxidase activity has been inhibited by oil, it can help to treat gout and other disorders associated with increased xanthine oxidase activity. The oil is rich in alkaloids and the presence of terpenoids, carbohydrates, flavonoids and phlobatannins was also demonstrated. The presence of these phytochemicals may have added to the oil's beneficial behavior. The study thus concluded that onion oil had a potent in vitro inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase.

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DIRECT SHOOT REGENERATION BY In vitro CULTURE OF THE GERBERA (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) CAPITULUM EXPLANTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

During the 2018/2019 growing season, this study was performed at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The goal of the study was to use the segments of the capitulum as explants in the micro-propagation of the gerbera plant cultivars of Orange and Malibu. The results showed that the capitulum segments of the gerbera vine, cultivars of Orange and Malibu, cultivated in vitro as explants, resulted in the direct proliferation of adventitious shoots. The results also show the important superiority of the orange cultivar in its response rate to direct shoot regeneration, which, after 12 weeks of cultivation, reached 86.72 percent. In the number and length of the shoots that were produced from direct organogenesis, the Malibu cultivar was substantially superior, which reached 10.48 shoots explant-1 and 1.78 cm respectively. The 1.0 mg L-1 BA concentration was significantly higher than the other explant response concentrations for direct shoot proliferation and the number and duration of shoots observed were 99.22% and 15.90 shoots for explant-1 and 1.78 cm, respectively. While the explants cultivated on the MS medium supplied with 5.0 mg L-1 BA showed the lowest response to direct shoot proliferation and the number and length of shoots, which reached 27.50% and 2.00 shoots, respectively, explant-1 and 0.35 cm.

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EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF HERBAL MOUTHWASH USING CRANBERRY EXTRACT: A PILOT STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Dental plaque-induced oral diseases continue to affect the majority of the world's population. Among them, the single most common and preventable oral infectious disease is dental caries. As fresh fruit, juice, and even as medicine, cranberry is used. It has activities that are antimicrobial, anti inflammatory, and anti-tumor. In various systemic infections, it is also known to cause bacterial adhesion. It is less popular for its dental application, however. There is, therefore, a need to determine its effect on oral infections.

Aim: The objective of the study was to test the antimicrobial property of herbal mouthwash using cranberry extract.

Materials and Methods: This unique research was performed at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, as a single blinded, parallel group clinical trial. It consisted of a total of 10 subjects randomly divided into groups with a fair gingival index (aged 18-22 years) and given 5 ml of chlorhexidine mouthwash and cranberry mouthwash twice daily to Group A (n=5) and Group B (n=5) for 7 days each. At baseline, plaque samples were obtained and the microbial count was measured after 7 days of using mouthwash.

Results and Discussion: This research indicates that the microbial count has decreased substantially before and after the use of cranberry mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the baseline mean amount of CFU/ml and the chlorhexidine and cranberry groups after 7 days. For the cranberry group, the mean reduction was 52 percent, while the mean reduction after use was 53 percent in the chlorhexidine group.

Conclusion: This analysis revealed that there was a substantial decrease in the microbial count in both classes. Therefore, in order to improve oral health, herbal products such as cranberry have been shown to be more effective or similar alternatives to chlorhexidine, with added benefits and minimal side effects.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5529

OPTIMIZING THE ACCLIMATIZATION PROCESS OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in vitro PLANTLETS DERIVED FROM THE MATURE ZYGOTIC EMBRYOS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Oil palm has become one of the most important industrial crops for its use for various purposes, but in vitro regeneration has become a critical route for accelerating breeding programs because of its constraints on traditional propagation. But its low survival rate caused catastrophic losses for the industry during the hardening process. Therefore, we optimized the acclimatization phase for 90-day-old plantlets from mature zygotic embryos germinated in vitro in this research. Using eight soil less media and their combinations in a 1:1:1 ratio, viz., plantlets were acclimatized. HM1 (Vermiculite), HM2 (Cocopeat), HM3 (Perlite), HM4 (Vermiculite + Cocopeat + Soilrite), HM5 (Cocopeat + Perlite + Soilrite), HM6 (Cocopeat + Perlite + Soilrite), HM7 (Cocopeat + Vermiculite + Perlite) and HM8 (Cocopeat + Perlite + Soilrite) (Compost). In terms of plant morphological features such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width, plantlets grown in the HM4 showed better results after 60 days of growth in the soilless media among all the treatments attempted. But, except for root growth, no statistical significance was observed. However, the introduction of staggered shift to the transition environment significantly decreased the transplantation shock.

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COMPARING THE ANTIGINGIVITIS, ANTIPLAQUE EFFECTIVENESS OF CRANBERRY AND CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTH RINSE – A SINGLE BLIND RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: Dental caries have been known to be the single oral infectious disease most preventable and widespread. Since tooth brushing is considered to be the most common technique of oral hygiene, dentifrices are also the most ideal means of delivering antibacterial agents on a daily basis. The best anti-plaque property is found to be chlorhexidine mouthwash and is considered the gold standard. As fresh fruit, juice, and even as medicine, cranberry is used. It has functions that are antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor. We can therefore see that its effect on different oral infections needs to be evaluated.

Goal: The aim of the study is to compare the 0.6 percent cranberry mouthwash against gingivitis, anti plaque against 0.2 percent chlorhexidine mouthwash in undergraduate dental students.

Materials and Methods: A single blinded, parallel group clinical trial performed at Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, was the present study. Two groups of 20 participants (aged 18-22 years) were divided randomly into Group A (n=10) and Group B (n=10) and each received 5 mL of cranberry mouthwash or chlorhexidine mouthwash twice daily for 7 days. The gingival index and plaque index were registered at the baseline and on the 7th day. Before the study started, all the participants were told about their willingness to participate in the study. In the form of mean and standard deviation, descriptive statistics were expressed. To find the normality of the data, Shapiro-test Wilk's was used. The Wilcoxon-signed Rank test was used for each category to compare the mean differences in plaque and gingival index scores before and after treatment. To estimate differences between the mean Plaque index score and mean gingival index between the classes, Mann-Whitney' U Test.

Results and Discussion: This research indicates a substantial decrease in the gingival index and plaque index before and after cranberry and chlorhexidine mouthwash use. Thus, a statistically significant decrease in mean plaque and mean gingival index scores was observed in the present study in both the baseline and 7th day classes.

Conclusion: We can conclude from this study that herbal products such as cranberry can act as effectively as chlorhexidine to improve oral hygiene with additional systemic benefits and minimal long-term side effects. In assessing the advantages and side effects of such herbal extracts, further thorough studies are needed.

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ARROW ROOT MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLE AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The purpose of the research is to synthesize the arrowroot-mediated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and further define their characterization. With its applications in science and technology to create new stuff, the area of nanotechnology is increasingly growing. Today, as the marvel of medicine, nano items are named. Globally, the development of SeNPs is now emerging.

The characterisation of nanoparticles deals with the characterisation of the nanoparticles' physical and chemical properties. Selenium nanoparticles are synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy using Arrowroot. As the shape is rod-shaped and the scale is 200 nm, the effects are observed. Therefore, the nanosized nanoparticles mediated by arrowroot have many applications in modern technology and have high medicinal value as well.

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MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Lagenaria siceraria L. CULTIVARS UNDER NaCl STRESS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Salinity poses a significant threat to global food security. The research was conducted to define morphological and physiological characteristics that can be used in the bottle gourd to characterize salinity tolerance (Lagenaria siceraria L.). In plastic pots, three genotypes (Round (Local), Latto (Local) and Louki) were sown, using fine sand as a medium for growth. Saline water treatments (25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl) were applied after one month, with the exception of control seedlings and Hoagland solution as a nutrient solution was used. Using normal statistical methods, data was collected and analysed statistically. The findings showed that with mainly morphological characters, salinity has an adverse effect (number of leaves, root length, shoot length, root fresh mass, root dry mass, shoot fresh mass and shoot dry mass). Similarly, physiological characteristics such as chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were also affected. The analysis revealed that Latto (local) cultivar showed significantly better salinity tolerance compared to others with maximum chlorophyll content (17.36 SPAD) under salinity conditions, followed by Louki (14.19 SPAD) and, under salinity conditions, the Round (Local) variety showed minimum chlorophyll value (11.95).

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ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION STUDY OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF Salvia officinalis FROM THE SOUTH ALGERIAN | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Using the steam distillation process, extraction of essential oils from Salvia officinalis plants was performed. We conducted this analysis to obtain an extract of essential oil from the Salvia officinalis South Algerian plant cultivated in the Municipality of Ghardaia. The Lamiaceae family of Salvia officinalis, popular in Algeria, is a native herb with many therapeutic properties (antiseptic, anti-neuralgic, analgesic...). The extraction of its aromatic fraction provides new perspectives through a Clevenger-type apparatus in aromatherapy by hydrodistillation process. The extract obtained was the target of antibacterial and antifungal action, and a chemical analysis involves determining the composition of the chemical essential oil by GC-MS, showing the presence of the substance that may have different interests. The antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of oils has been checked against the growth of various Fusariums using the direct contact process (Fusarium sporotrichioides Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium langsethiae). The results showed that natural antimicrobial activity has great potential against tested strains. Thirty four compounds representing a proportion of 75.46 percent of the essential oil of Salvia officinalis were found in the study of this oil by GC-MS, suggesting the presence of many components that are the key components of Camphor (23.3 percent), followed by alpha-thujone (14.6 percent), 1.8-cineole (5.72 percent) and limonene (4.04 percent). Further studies on this plant and other medicinal plants to isolate, purify and classify active ingredients with biological activities would be interesting.

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ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF TAMARIND MEDIATED COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Objective: To determine the antioxidant and antibacterial function of nanoparticles induced by Tamarind Copper Oxide.

Materials and methods: In 50 mL of distilled water, 0.318 g of CuSO4 powder was dissolved and 50 mL of the prepared extract was applied to it. The solution was deposited in a nanoparticle-forming orbital shaker and checked by a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antibacterial activity of the agar well diffusion system against S was assessed. Lactobacillus and mutans. The antioxidant function of the copper oxide nanoparticle induced by tamarind was evaluated by the DPPH assay technique.

Results: Nanoparticles of copper oxide showed a concentration - dependent antibacterial activity against S. Mutans versus Lactobacillus. The concentration-dependent antioxidant activity was shown by the different concentrations of Tamarind-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles used (10 μL, 20 μL, 30 μL, 40 μL, 50 μL). Copper oxide nanoparticles have demonstrated the highest radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 50 μL.(94.7 percent ).

Conclusion: Copper Oxide nanoparticles synthesized using tamarind showed strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity and can therefore be used as a healthy, simple and eco-friendly green synthesis of copper nanoparticle for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5523

EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON In vitro REGENERATION OF FOUR BANGLADESHI TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.) VARIETIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The study was carried out to determine the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on four Bangladeshi tomato varieties on in vitro regeneration. For successful regeneration by callus induction, three explants (cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf segments) from four tomato varieties named-BT-2 (BARI Tomato-2), BH-T4 (BARI Hybrid Tomato-4), Apple Tomato, and Native Tomato were used. For callus induction and subsequent plantlet production, MS medium fortified with varying concentrations and PGRs combinations were used. Based on varieties, forms of explants, and hormonal combinations, the nature and texture of the callus were different. In MS+1.0 mg/L BAP + 1.0 mg/L NAA for leaf segment and cotyledon derived BH-T4 and Apple tomato variety explants, the finest callus induction was reported. Full shoot regeneration was achieved with 1.0 mg/L BAP+0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L IAA hormonal combinations with the highest root induction. Well rooted, regenerated plantlets were eventually acclimatized and 70 percent was the best survival rate after acclimatization. Among the four varieties, the most sensitive genotypes were found to be the BH-T4 and apple tomato varieties in terms of different parameters such as primary culture establishment capacity, callus induction rate, shoot initiation, and multiplication, root formation, and acclimatization. This study will help to grow a large number of tomato seedlings per year.

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CHEWING EFFICACY OF FENNEL SEEDS ON SALIVARY pH IN CHILDREN – AN In vivo STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: In different cultures, chewing of herbal seeds/leaves has been widely followed. One such tradition is the chewing of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare). This is known to affect the salivary flow and its buffering ability, thereby offering susceptible individuals caries defense.

Objective: The aim of the study is to assess and compare salivary pH in children at baseline, immediately and five minutes after seed chewing. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 subjects aged 12-15 years were divided into three groups based on DMFT scores and were asked to chew 1.3 gm of fennel seeds for five minutes, and salivary pH was reported at three pH meteorological intervals.

Results: In all categories of the DMFT score, an increase in salivary pH was observed immediately after chewing and 5 minutes after chewing the fennel seeds. It has been found that this is statistically important (<0.005).

Conclusion: Fennel seed chewing has shown an improvement in salivary pH that can avoid demineralization and encourage anti-carcinogenic effects.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5521

MICROSATELLITE MARKER BASED GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS AMONG THE GERMPLASM OF AN ORPHAN LEGUME YARDLONG BEAN (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP.) IN BANGLADESH | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

One of the prerequisites for breeding activities is the estimation of genetic diversity of plant materials, as the effectiveness of breeding programs depends on the genetic variability dimension. The present study was performed using ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci to establish genetic divergence and molecular relationships with 32 genotypes of yardlong bean, including commercial variety and inbred lines. Among the 32 yard-long bean genotypes with an average of 3.2 alleles per locus, a total of 32 alleles were identified. In this experiment, total mean polymorphism information content (PIC) and Nei gene diversity of 0.3285 and 0.3662 were found. The highest allele frequency (0.9688) but the lowest genetic diversity and PIC was given by the SSR primer VM35. Cluster analysis based on similarity indices (UPGMA) grouped 32 genotypes into four groups, one of which was further divided into sub-clusters and sub-sub-clusters. It is important to note that three genotypes remain unclustered, namely, BD-9833, Lal Benny, and Saba. Within cluster III, the majority of genotypes were found (90.63 percent ). In a number of ways, the SSR analysis resulted in the conclusive separation of genotypes, suggesting the existence of large heterogeneity between genotypes that can be used for the potential breeding program.

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ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF TULASI AND TURMERIC MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: The objective is to understand the anti-inflammatory activity of medical copper nanoparticles provided by turmeric and Tulsi. Turmeric is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant that requires temperatures between 20 and 30 ° C (68 and 86 ° F) and a substantial amount of annual rainfall to thrive, native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. For their rhizomes, plants are gathered each year, some for propagation in the following season and some for consumption. Curcumin, a turmeric material, may help reduce body inflammation, so it has been widely marketed as a supplement, turmeric has also been applied to the skin for pain or swelling, and essential oil has also been added. The principal active ingredient in turmeric is curcumin. It has strong anti-inflammatory effects and is an antioxidant that is very effective. There are several medicinal properties in the Basil or Tulsi plant (Ocimum tenuiflorum). The leaves reinforce the stomach and assist with respiratory problems.

Materials and Methods: In 100 ml of distilled water, 0.5 grams of Tulasi and 0.5 grams of turmeric were added. Some characteristic color shift was observed in the extract and anti-inflammatory activity of copper nanoparticle mediated by Tulsi and Turmeric nanoparticle after addition of copper sulphate and centrifugation, and anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the UV spectrophotometer.

Results: This demonstrates that medicinal copper nanoparticles of turmeric and tulsi formation have strong anti inflammatory properties.

Conclusion: This concludes that Tulasi and turmeric combined with copper extract have shown better anti-inflammatory activity outcomes.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5519

ONGOING POLICY REFORM IN THAILAND’S INITIAL TEACHER EDUCATION CURRICULUM: INCOMPLETE POLICY BORROW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

This article reports on a study carried out in 2016/17 of Initial Teacher Education at Rajabhat Universities in Thailand and the subsequent national initial teacher education curriculum reform based on the results and recommendations of the review. The study was carried out in three steps that were interconnected. The first included a study of secondary data provided by the Rajabhat Universities Sample (n=5) and the Ministry of Education of Thailand. Phase two included a fieldwork time in Thailand during which the research team gathered data from Ministry of Education officers (n=6), senior university administrators (n=38), initial leaders of teacher education courses and academic staff (n=54) and student teachers (n~125). The research team worked with a variety of Thai stakeholders (e.g. the Teachers' Council of Thailand) during the final phase of the research to ensure accuracy matches and disengage local customs and practice from national policy. A key research recommendation was to consider reducing the length of the undergraduate road to teaching and ensuring that trainee teachers spend time in school on each of their four-year courses. After the study, policy changes have been enforced around the initial teacher education environment of Thailand, including the recommended reduction in the period of the initial teacher education course from five to four years in March 2019.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJAHSS/article/view/5515

LEAF SPOT DISEASE OF MUSTARD PLANT AND ITS VARIATION ON PREVAILING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION LEVELS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Environmental pollution is a major issue that is so important to our existence and threatens our fragile environment. It is expected that air pollution would have a pronounced impact on vegetation close to industry. The microbial group is directly and indirectly affected by air contaminants. Pathogenesis may be impaired by interactions between air pollution and plant pathogens in mustard plants. The vulnerability to microbial pathogens of plants growing around contaminated sites may be altered and disease production may be impaired.

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UNCONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR IMPROVING FARMER YIELDS BY EXPOSING AND MITIGATING FOLIAGE DISEASES IN AN EXTENSIVELY ADAPTABLE DEEP LEARNING AND COMPUTATIONAL MODEL THROUGH MICROBIOLOGICAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Leaf-based diseases suggest the quality of yield for several sectors of agriculture. Banana planting, mango growing, and several others are part of these sectors. In order to increase the quality of production, the identification and prevention of these diseases is extremely important. Thus, several image processing methods have been proposed over the years to effectively detect leaf-based diseases. The present work proposes a new architecture based on a deep neural network that, when identifying leaf imaging diseases, takes into account a variety of imaging aspects. By evaluating the structure, colour, form and border details, the proposed architecture improves accuracy. This article also compares the current system with other state-of-the-art systems, and it is noted that the proposed system improves precision, accuracy and recall by preserving a mild algorithmic complexity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5469

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOL CONTENTS OF Sargassum polycystum EXTRACT AGAINST Escherichia coli AND Staphylococcus aureus | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Objective and Context: Brown algae contain a number of chemical components (carotenoids, laminarin, alginate, fucoidan, mannitol and phlorotannin) that are used to treat various degenerative diseases as anti-cancer agents, antioxidants and chemo-preventive agents. One of the algae species belonging to the Phaeophyceae class, or brown algae, is Sargassum polycystum. Content of phenols in S. Polycystum may function as an anti-bacterial pathogen, particularly E. S. and coli. Bacteria with aureus. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the total phenol and its antibacterial activity from the semi-polar to the polar extract.

Materials and methods: Maceration with 96 percent ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate as the solvent was used in the extraction process. The total phenol content was measured using the foline ciocalteau reagent with a gallic acid standard UV VIS spectrophotometer. While the extract's antibacterial activity was performed with gram-negative E using the disc diffusion zone process. Gram-positive S and coli. Bacteria with aureus.

Results and Discussion: The results showed that the S. Phenol with a gross phenol content of 96 percent ethanol 3.75 mg EGA/g, ethyl acetate 5.78 mg EGA/g and acetone 4.04 mg EGA/g were found in polycystum extract. The 96 percent antibacterial activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts was rated as high with a range of 10-13 mm inhibition zone diameter. The highest overall phenol content and antibacterial activity occurred with ethyl acetate extract.

Conclusion: The conclusion of this analysis is that ethyl acetate with the maximum total phenol content of 5.78 mg EGA/g is the most effective solvent for phenol attraction. This is a positive association with the findings of the ethyl acetate extract's antibacterial activity, which has a higher inhibition zone activity relative to other E extracts. S. and coli. Bacteria with aureus.

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THE EFFECT OF BLACK TEA RESIDUES ON THE GROWTH OF Vicia faba AND SOME OF ITS PHENOTYPIC PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF CHLOROPHYLL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The current research was piloted from (5-10-2018) to (15-2-2019) at the College of Education for Girls-University of Kufa to study the impact of black tea residues on some of the vegetative indicators represented by pea plants (plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, length of branches, leafy area and soft weight of the vegetative group, soft weight of the vegetative group, soft weight of the leaves, length of branches, And for the sake of contrast, the remainder of the seedlings were left without addition. The results of the study showed that care in all studied traits surpassed (240 g) morally over each (control) and (120 g) treatments. Although no substantial difference between the two treatments (240 g) and (180 g) was observed in any of the following characteristics (plant height, number of branches, length of branches), the treatment (240 g) exceeded all of the (leafy area) recipe treatments (Number of sheets). Similarly, no substantial difference between (120 g) and control care was found in any of the studied traits, with the exception of two traits (leafy area and number of plant leaves). For both (120 g) and (control) treatments, the treatment also exceeded (180 g) in all the studied characteristics except for the adjective (paper area) in which no substantial difference was found between the treatment (180 g) and the treatment (120 g), indicating that the treatment (180 g) Cloud overtook the control treatment in all the studied characteristics. The results of the research showed the superiority of the treatment (240 g) of black tea waste in all the characteristics mentioned, with the exception of the characteristic (root length) where no substantial difference between the treatment (240 g) and the treatment (240 g) was observed (180 g). In addition, treatment (180 g) was superior to treatment (120 g) and (control) in all characteristics, because no substantial difference was observed between treatment (120 g) and (control) except for the characteristic (length of vegetative group) where treatment exceeded (120) the clouded control of pea seedling treatment.

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In vitro PROPAGATION OF Cryptocarya stocksii Meisn. -A VULNERABLE TREE FROM INDIA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

By using a cotyledonary node, the current work describes an efficient, high-frequency multiple shoot induction protocol. Cryptocarya stocksii seeds were sterilised with HgCl2 (0.1 percent w/v) on the surface for 7 min and washed with sterile water 3 times. Seeds were grown on a medium containing 0.5 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ) for 20 days on Murashige and Skoog (MS). Cotyledonary nodes were excised as explants for multiple shoot induction from 20-day-old seedlings. Cotyledonary nodes containing 1 mg/L TDZ, 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.5 mg/L Gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.2 percent Activated charcoal (AC) for multiple shoot induction were pre-inoculated for 20 days on MS medium. Subsequently, MS media containing 3 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L Kinetin were transferred to the secondary medium for shoot elongation (KN). The 4 to 5 leaf shoots were transferred to the root induction medium of MS containing 3 mg/L indole 3-butyric acid (IBA). Plantlets with well-developed roots were transferred and maintained in the growth room to pots containing sterile sand.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5464