EVALUATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIC POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS BARK EXTRACT OF Pterocarpus marsupium- AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Diabetes is a chronic disorder associated with the interruption of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism characterised by increased fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels. The traditional anti diabetic remedies using plants with hypoglycemic activity is always safe due to their holistic approach and low cost. Pterocarpus marsupium belongs to the family fabaceae and commonly known as “INDIAN KINO TREE”, they are used in various ailments in folk medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium. This plant also finds its use as a cardiotonic and hepatoprotective agent. The herbal extract was prepared by using the herbal powder and it was tested for the hypoglycemic activity by alpha amylase inhibitory activity and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity. The datas were collected and statistically analysed. From the results it is evidence that the aqueous bark extract of Pterocarpus marsupium possesses hypoglycemic potential. The synthetic drug currently used for diabetes only decreases the symptoms and on the long run can have side effects too. Herbal medicine if formulated can act as a good shield. Since chronic diabetes leads to excessive and uncontrolled degeneration, it is always better to treat diabetes with herbal formulations instead of synthetic drugs.

Diabetes is a chronic disorder associated with the interruption of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism characterised by increased fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels. The traditional anti diabetic remedies using plants with hypoglycemic activity is always safe due to their holistic approach and low cost. Pterocarpus marsupium belongs to the family fabaceae and commonly known as “INDIAN KINO TREE”, they are used in various ailments in folk medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium. This plant also finds its use as a cardiotonic and hepatoprotective agent. The herbal extract was prepared by using the herbal powder and it was tested for the hypoglycemic activity by alpha amylase inhibitory activity and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity. The datas were collected and statistically analysed. From the results it is evidence that the aqueous bark extract of Pterocarpus marsupium possesses hypoglycemic potential. The synthetic drug currently used for diabetes only decreases the symptoms and on the long run can have side effects too. Herbal medicine if formulated can act as a good shield. Since chronic diabetes leads to excessive and uncontrolled degeneration, it is always better to treat diabetes with herbal formulations instead of synthetic drugs.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5307

In vitro ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF Acacia HEARTWOOD EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The objective of the present study was to investigate the anticancer effect of Acacia catechu Heartwood extract against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Cancer is a global public health problem due to its high mortality rate. Acacia catechu (Family: Fabaceae and subfamily: Mimosoideae) is a deciduous tree distributed throughout the Sub –Himalayan tract of Punjab to Assam. In ayurveda, the extracts of bark and heartwood  were used to treat various human pathophysiological conditions like thinning of blood, skin disorders, chronic fever, throat problems, obesity, splenomegaly, tastelessness, hemorrhages, blood disorder and urine related disorders The MTT assay was conducted to know the cytotoxic effect of the compound on cell viability. The induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis probably constitute the antitumor mechanisms of extract. From the research we identified that Acacia heartwood has anticancer effects and is used to treat breast cancer.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5306

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Achyranthes aspera EXTRACT AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS – AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The objective of the study is to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of  Achyranthes aspera bark extract against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus. Dental caries, otherwise known as tooth decay, is one of the chronic diseases of people worldwide and individuals are susceptible to throughout their life. Medicinal plants found in the environment harboring high bacterial cell density were long suspected to have protective mechanisms against microbial infections and offer a large and attractive phytochemical repertoire for the discovery of novel microbial disease control agents. Achyranthes aspera is one such important plant with various established pharmaceutical properties. Achyranthes aspera is procured from Green Chem Herbal extracts & Formulations, Bengaluru .The inhibitory effect of the extract was tested against two oral pathogens commonly causes dental caries by using the Micro  broth dilution method . The extract showed significant antibacterial activity against the Lactobacillus acidophilus and No activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5305

In vitro EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-ARTHRITIC ACTIVITY OF Ficus racemosa EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Ficus racemosa   The aim of our study was to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-arthritic effect of ethanolic fruit extract of F. racemosa. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antioxidant assay is performed by ABTS and FRAP assay, Anti arthritic activity was determined by protein denaturation method employing modified method of Mizushtma et al. The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibits potent antioxidant activity and a concentration dependent protein denaturation activity. From the present study it can be concluded that ethanolic fruit extract of F. racemosa possessed marked in vitro antioxidant and anti-arthritic effect the effect was plausibly due to the presence of phenolic contents of F. racemosa.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5304

EFFECT OF PEPPERMINT AND ROSEMARY OIL ON CONSTIPATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid and they are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, atherolea, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted and one among them is the most popular perennial culinary herbs is the  rosemary oil is , its characteristic aroma is used as a curing aid in many health conditions. The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of peppermint and rosemary oil among constipation population. Thirty individuals suffering from constipation were selected for the study among the age group of 20 to 40 years. 30 individuals were divided into two groups and each group consisted of 15 individuals.  Group 1 was receiving peppermint oil and Group 2 was receiving rosemary oil. Then they were asked  to apply the oil in their abdomen 3 times in a day for 30 days. The results obtained clearly indicate that the essential oil of rosemary has a positive effect on individuals suffering from constipation when compared to peppermint oil  in relation to the frequency of defecation rate, with absence of sex differences in the uniform groups. 40 % got benefited after using peppermint oil and 60 % of the individuals after using rosemary oil for constipation problems. Rosemary essential oil has a special effect that is a spasmolytic effect, so that it relaxes muscles and suppresses muscle spasms. This also acts the same as peppermint oil, but it is more effective than peppermint oil. So from this study it is revealed that rosemary oil has a greater role among constipation participants than peppermint oil.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5303

GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ptk GENE ASSOCIATED WITH BIOFILM FORMATION IN THE CLINICAL ISOLATES OF A. baumanni | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: ptk associated biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii elevates the virulence property which in turn is highly influencing the pattern of drug susceptibility among hospitalized patients. This study is thus aimed to molecularly characterize ptk gene and to evaluate its co-occurrence among the multi-drug resistant strains from the clinical isolates of A. baumannii.

Methodology: Semi-quantitative adherent bioassay was performed to detect the formation of biofilm by the 73 MDR strains of A. baumannii. Genomic DNA was eventually extracted and were screened for ptk by a series of Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) followed by sequencing of the amplicons obtained from the representative strains.

Results: Biofilm assay reflected the following quantitative results: 58.9%, 31.5% and 0.9% as high grade, low grade and negative biofilm formers respectively. ptk gene was observed in 22 MDR strains (30.1%) of A. baumannii. Co-occurrence of ptk gene was 100% among the β-lactam inhibitor, cephems, carbapenems and aminoglycosides resistant strains which was followed by 90.9% among fluroquinolones, 86.3% among efflux pumps and 95.45% among folate resistant strains of A. baumannii.

Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that the periodical monitoring of the frequency of ptk associated biofilms in MDR strains of A. baumannii, as a preventive measure. However the study indicates and paves way for further studies in future to monitor its association in variation in the drug resistance pattern among the strains.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5302

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON HERBAL FORMULATION: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Antibiotic resistance is a rising problem that needs attention which is of global concern. The main reason behind the prevalence of such situations is the haphazard use of the antimicrobial drugs that are overused throughout therapeutic treatment of infection. Additionally, the issues associated with modern- day chemotherapeutics can have a wide range of adverse effects from allergy to immunosuppression.

Aim: To assess the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of clove and cinnamon herbal formulation.

Materials and Methods: Clove and cinnamon were dried and powdered, the powdered clove and cinnamon were then mixed with water and ethanol. The aqua alcoholic extract thus obtained was then subjected to DPPH assay to analyze its antioxidant effect and was loaded in the agar wells made on Muller Hinton agar so as to assess its antimicrobial activity by using well diffusion method, against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus aureus and the zone of inhibition was noted.

Results: The aqua alcoholic extract of clove and cinnamon extract showed highest absorbance at a concentration of 50 μl (132.3%) when subjected to inhibition of albumin denaturation assay to check for its antimicrobial activity at a wavelength of 660 nm. The zone of inhibition for the prepared extract against Streptococcus mutans at the concentrations 50, 100 and 150 μl was found to be 15 mm, 22 mm and 20.6 mm respectively. Similarly for Lactobacillus, the zone of inhibition was found to be 13 mm, 19 mm and 21.4 mm. For streptococcus aureus, the zones of inhibition values were 17 mm, 21.2 mm and 21 mm respectively.

Conclusion: In the present study it was found that the clove and cinnamon extract had potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5301

QUALITY CONTROL METHODS OF Acacia catechu EXTRACT BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the heavy metal quality control parameters of Acacia catechu bark extract by atomic absorption spectroscopic (AAS) analysis. Acacia catechu is one of the most commonly used herbs in Ayurveda. The whole parts of Acacia catechu tree including stem, bark, leaves, root, and pods are of significant medicinal value in treating many diseases and disorders. The most important actions of Acacia include antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, and also as an anti caries, for gingivitis, etc,. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) and minerals such as selenium (Se), chromium (Cr) and potassium (K) are found abundantly in the soil. They are also essential for plant growth and metabolism as micro and macro nutrients. Hence, uptake of these heavy metals and minerals basically occurs in significant proportions in plants. However, these heavy metals and essential trace elements have a tendency to accumulate in alarming proportions in plants leading to toxicity and adverse effects when consumed. Hence, it is important to determine if the heavy metal and mineral content in Acacia is within permissible limits as indicated by WHO. Based on the results of the study, it can be decided whether Acacia catechu can be prescribed for human consumption or not.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5299

PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF THE B-CELL EPITOPE PEPTIDES FOR carO OF A. baumannii | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Acinetobacter baumannii is undoubtedly one of the most successful pathogens responsible for hospital-acquired nosocomial infections in the modern healthcare system. Due to the prevalence of infections and outbreaks caused by multi-drug resistant A. baumannii, few antibiotics are effective for treating infections caused by this pathogen. To overcome this problem, knowledge of the pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of A. baumannii is important. Using various tools online such as IEDB and BepiPred the possible epitopes were found and were checked for their allergenicity (AlgPred), solubility (SolPro), toxigenicity (ToxinPred) and most importantly antigenicity (AntigenPro). The results of these tests showed that three of the eight predicted epitopes were non allergens, non toxic, soluble and antigenic. An attempt on detecting few putative vaccine peptides targeting the carO gene in A.baumannii using Bioinformatics approach suggests promising results in the present study showing three epitope peptides as promising vaccine candidates to combat the menace of drug resistance.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5298

TARGETING EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN BALF-4 INTERACTIONS WITH O. sanctum BIO COMPOUNDS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: EBV associated with oncogenic transformations of B cells is also associated with a strong BALF-4 glycoprotein and may be a good candidate for new natural antiviral compounds. Thus the goal of the current study is to investigate the inhibitory ability of O. Bioactive compounds of the sanctum against BALF-4 of EBV.

Materials and methods: With further optimization of both the protein and ligands, the 3D structure of BALF-4 was recovered from the PDB data bank. The in-silico inhibitory potential of the selected BALF-4 beta lactam derivatives was achieved by AutoDock 2.0 and visualised with PYMOL using molinspiration calculations to determine the molecular properties of BALF-4 derivatives and further evaluation of their drug likeliness.

Results: The potent inhibitor drug for targeting BALF-4 with a promising binding energy of -9.32 and -8.12 Kcal/mol with four bonds of hydrogen appears to be cirsimaritin and ursolic acid. Drug likeliness parameters, followed by other biocompounds, recorded ursolic acid as a promising protease and enzyme inhibitor.

Conclusion: The study results highlight the promising inhibitory impact of O.sanctum biocompounds on BALF-4 and indicate that BALF-4 is the best target for the treatment of EBV infections with more in-vivo validation aimed at it.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5297

EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF Foeniculum vulgare ESSENTIAL OIL -AN in vitro STUDY

 Introduction: Inability to extract intracanal biofilm and the existence of different microbial species can be linked to the most common cause of failure of most root canal therapies. In order to achieve maximum microbe removal, the quest for an ideal root canal irrigant and medication is still on. The objective of this study was to test the antimicrobial efficacy of the Foeniculum vulgare seeds (Fennel seeds) essential oil against E. C and faecalis. Albicans, and compare it to Calcium hydroxide, the new gold standard.

Materials and Methods: Undiluted and 100% pure essential oil derived from steam distillation of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare was used. Fungal and bacterial strains of E. ATCC 29212 and C faecalis. ATCC 10231 albicans were grown and test samples of fennel seed oil (20μl), fennel seed oil and calcium hydroxide mixture, calcium hydroxide and 30% propylene glycol were tested against the microbial strains. For the antibacterial and antifungal activity evaluation, the zones of inhibition around the treated discs were assessed.

 

Performance: The results of the study showed statistically significant inhibition zone diameters (in mm) in contrast to the negative power. The combination of fennel seed oil and calcium hydroxide, followed by pure fennel seed oil for both E, shows the maximum inhibition diameter. C. Albicans. and E. faecalis.

Concluding: F. Thanks to its antimicrobial potency, vulgar essential oil can be tried and used for long-standing cases of infection.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5296

ANTI-FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE INCORPORATED LYCOPENE AGAINST Candida albicans USING MINIMAL INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION ASSAY

 Background: Recent years have witnessed growth in the research and application of nanoparticles and nanotechnoloy. Lycopene is a red coloured pigment found in fruits and vegetables. Chitosan is a straight chain polymer composed of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Both the substances possess antifungal activity. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the antifungal activity of lycopene extract, chitosan nanoparticle and lycopene chitosan nanocomposite.

Materials and Methods: Chitosan nanoparticle incorporated lycopene was prepared and its antifungal activity was tested individually and in combination against Candida albicans using minimum inhibitory concentration assay. Chitosan solution was prepared, centrifugation was done and further characterisation of chitosan nanoparticle was done using Ultaviolet-viz-Spectroscopy. The antifungal activity was assessed using minimum inhibitory concentration.

Results:  The present study shows that the antifungal effect of chitosan-lycopene nanocomposite was higher than lycopene extract and chitosan nanoparticle individually. The antifungal activity of lycopene chitosan nanocomposite increased with increase in concentration and time.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5295

GREEN SYNTHESIS & CHARACTERISATION OF AMLA SEED MEDIATED GRAPHENE OXIDE - SILVER NANOCOMPOSITE - AN in vitro STUDY

 Aim: The present study centred on the green synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide, silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite-mediated amla seed characterization.

Materials and Methods: The extract of Amla seed was prepared. In the biosynthesis of silver, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposites, filtrate was used. After 24 hours of incubation, the samples were measured using UV-Visible spectrophotometry for their optimum absorbance. To obtain the synthesised silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles and GO-Ag nanocomposite, all the samples were then heat-dried. A high resolution transmission electron microscope was used to morphologically classify (TEM).

Results: AgNPs showed a change in colour from colourless to reddish brown, GO NPs showed a change in colour from brown to black, while GO-Ag nanocomposite changed from black to black strength. The formation of their respective nanoparticles is confirmed by this colour transition. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed a chain such as tubular GO NPs, spherical AgNPs & chain interspersed with spherical structures in GO-Ag nanocomposite with an average size of 50 - 100 nm, 2-50 nm, 150-200 nm respectively. The size and shape of nanoparticles were analysed.

Conclusion: Thus the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles and GO-Ag nanocomposites from Phyllanthus emblica seed extracts was effective.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5294

EFFICACY OF POMEGRANATE MOUTHWASH AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: The most common oral diseases are periodontitis and tooth decay. Pomegranate mouthwash has been used in an attempt against the same with the latest controversy in herbal medicine. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the effectiveness of pomegranate mouthwash as an antimicrobial agent.

Content and Methods: As per a previous study, the mouthwash was prepared using pomegranate seeds. This double-blinded research was conducted on a total of 20 oral prophylaxis participants from both sexes who registered to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. Patients were split into two groups, with pomegranate mouthwash in group 1 and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in group 2. Oral prophylaxis was performed once the participants were enrolled as part of the analysis. After that, unstimulated saliva samples were obtained and the same for the entire bacterial colony count was cultivated in nutrient agar. The same thing repeated itself after two weeks.

Results: Within the limits of the current analysis, a decrease in the total number of colonies was observed when pomegranate mouthwash was used from 150.54 colony forming units (CFU) to 48.99 CFU compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash from 152.06 CFU to 57.7 CFU. As compared to group 2, the decline in colony count was greater in group 1.

Conclusion: The present study showed that mouthwash with pomegranate showed greater antimicrobial activity than mouthwash with chlorhexidine. After long-term clinical trials, the prospective use of pomegranate as a convenient alternative to antimicrobial drugs should be considered.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5293

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ALOE VERA, CURCUMIN & NUTMEG AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS & LACTOBACILLUS - A NOVEL TRIO - in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the combined antibacterial activity of Aloe vera, Curcumin and Nutmeg against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Fresh extract of aloe vera, curcumin and nutmeg was prepared. Seven test samples were tested in the study, which included i) Aloe vera, ii) Curcumin, iii) Nutmeg individually, iv) Combination of aloe vera & curcumin (1:1), v) Combination of aloe vera & nutmeg (1:1), vi) Combination of curcumin & nutmeg (1:1) and vii) Combination of aloe vera, curcumin& nutmeg (1:1:1).The antibacterial activity of all the samples against Streptococcus mutans & Lactobacillus were determined using agar disc diffusion method. The discs impregnated with different concentrations (500 µg/ml. 750 µg/ml & 1000 µg/ml) of the sterile samples and 20 µl of Standard antibiotic (Ampicillin) disc were placed in agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hrs. The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition.

Results: Nutmeg individually showed higher antibacterial effect against S. mutans at 1000µg/ml, followed by aloe vera & curcumin. Combination of aloe vera & nutmeg and combination of curcumin & nutmeg at 1000 µg/ml showed greater inhibitory effect against S. mutans, when compared to combination of aloe vera and curcumin. Aloe vera individually showed higher antibacterial effect against Lactobacillus at 1000 µg/ml, followed by nutmeg & curcumin Combination of aloe vera & curcumin at 1000 µg/ml showed greater inhibitory effect against Lactobacillus, when compared to the other two combinations. Combination of all three herbs showed highest antibacterial activity against both the test organisms.

Conclusion: It is evident that this novel herbal trio is effective as an antibacterial agent against oral pathogens such as S. mutans and Lactobacillus.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5291

ANTIBACTERIAL & ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF Cassia auriculata MOUTHWASH VERSUS CHLORHEXIDINE IN PLAQUE INDUCED GINGIVITIS - A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL & MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through clinical and microbiological examination, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect of Cassia auriculata mouthwash in Plaque induced gingivitis and to compare it with Chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Materials and Methods: With the coin toss process, thirty patients who participated in the study were randomly divided into two groups. Either herbal mouthwash or chlorhexidine was administered in each community containing 15 patients. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained at baseline and 15 days later, respectively. At baseline, and 15 days later, the Silness and Loe plaque index and Loe and Silness gingival index were reported. Patients have been asked to report any pain, changes in taste, or other side effects.

Results: The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between group A and group B for PI and GI during the baseline period. Group B (Chlorhexidine mouthwash - control group) was substantially successful in reducing the plaque index and gingival index relative to group A after 15 days of intervention (Cassia auriculata mouthwash). The mean CFUs of group B were lower than the mean CFUs of group A at baseline and after 15 days, with a statistically significant p value of 0.001. Within group A and group B, both Cassia auriculata mouthwash and Chlorhexidine mouthwash are equally potent in significantly reducing the PI scores, GI scores, CFUs, when all these parameters were compared between baseline and day 15.

Conclusion: Cassia auriculata mouthwash among patients with plaque caused gingivitis is effective in reducing plaque, gingival inflammation and CFUs, but is not equal to that of Chlorhexidine mouthwash. However, compliance with the herbal mouthwash was safer for the patient, as the patient reported no side effects compared to chlorhexidine.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5292

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING GRAPE SEED EXTRACT: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) synthesized from plant sources are eco-friendly, cost effective and have a wide range of applications. The anti-inflammatory property of titanium dioxide produced by various herbal sources has well been studied. Grape seeds have been used in this study to produce TiO2 NPs due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol properties.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesised using grape seed extract.

Materials and Methods: Preparation of grape seed extract, synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using grape seed extract in Lark refrigerated centrifuge, preparation of nanoparticles powder, characterisation using UV-Vis Spectroscopy and study of anti-inflammatory activity using Bovine serum albumin using Diclofenac sodium as control.

Results: The peak found in spectroscopy indicated the formation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The anti-inflammatory action of grape seed mediated TiO2 NPs increases with an increase in the concentration from 10 μl, 20 μl, 30 μl, 40 μl to 50 μl.

Conclusion: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles produced using grape seed extract have good anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in the future as pastes, gels etc. for topical application instead of using conventional anti-inflammatory agents to minimize their side effects.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5290

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Background: Cinnamon and clove are both natural preservative and flavoring substances that are not harmful when consumed in food products. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are the         nanoscale metal structures. SeNPs have exhibited great antimicrobial activities against fungi and bacteria.

Aim: To determine the antifungal activity of clove and cinnamon mediated selenium nanoparticles against Candida albicans.

Materials and Methods: The clove and cinnamon powder was procured. An aqueous extract was prepared and mixed with sodium selenide precursor for selenium nanoparticle formation and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. The extract was then placed in the well cultured agar plates against Candida albicans and incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC. The zones of inhibition were calculated by disk diffusion method.

Results: Cinnamon and clove mediated selenium nanoparticles have good antifungal activity with the zone of inhibition of 35 mm at the highest concentration (150 µl). Whereas, the control Amphotericin B showed a zone of inhibition of 34 mm.

Conclusion: Cinnamon and clove mediated selenium nanoparticles were studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal efficiency.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5289

INVESTIGATION OF ANTI-BACTERIAL EFFECT OF MANGROVE PLANT Acanthus ilicifolius | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Mangroves have long been a source of biochemically unique and wide array of novel  natural products. The anti-bacterial effect of different extracts of the plant Acanthus  ilicifolius was determined in this study. The crude plant extracts of ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol were tried against pathogenic microbes such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi    and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion mehod. All the three extracts of the various segments of the A. ilicifolius showed potent inhibition against tested microorganisms. The results conclude that the inhibitory zone showed by ethyl acetate was higher than that ethanol and methanol extracts.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5287

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF THE ROOT OF Strychnos nux-vomica AND Cassia angustifolia AGAINST SELECTED BACTERIAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The aim of the study was to examine the antibacterial property of two selected medicinal plant extracts against various pathogens. The microorganisms were confined from drinking water (Bacillus sp., Borchothrix sp., Clavibacter sp, Anguslobacter sp, and Brevibacterium sp.). Indian therapeutic plants Strychnos nuxvomica and Cassia angustifolia were chosen for antibacterial examinations. The solvents utilized for the extraction of plant roots were n-butanol, ethyl acetate and water. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well dispersion technique. The most susceptible was Bacillus sp, Brevibacterium sp., and the most resistance was Borchothrix sp., Clavibacter sp., and Ancylobacter sp. The standard drugs used were penicillin, Streptomycin and Ampicillin. The outcomes acquired in the present examination propose that the two plants could be utilized in treating bacterial infections.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5286

INVESTIGATION OF BACTERIAL INHIBITORY EFFECT OF Solanum trilobatum SEED EXTRACT AGAINST DENTAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 In the current examination, seed extracts of Solanum trilobatum was analysed for its capacity to repress the development of dental pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis and L. acidophilus). The collected seeds of S. trilobatum were appropriately washed and air dried at room temperature. Then squashed and extracted with acetone, petroleum ether and chloroform. The bacterial inhibitory effect of the extracts was analyzed by ager well diffusion technique at 200 µg/mL concentration. Phytochemical investigation was performed for all the extracts. The results revealed that the root etracts of S. trilobatum was best against all tried bacterial pathogens. Greatest inhibitory action was seen against S. salivarius (22 mm) and less inhibition was against S. sanguinis (9 mm). The phytochemical examination uncovered the wide range of phytoconstituents which may be responsible for its antibacterial potency.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5285

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARD (IPSAS), AND FINANCIAL REPORTING AND COMPLIANCE IN NIGERIA: ISSUES AND BENEFIT (A SURVEY ANALYSIS) | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

 Quality financial reporting plays an important role in government accountability and meeting its financial management responsibilities to its citizens. The implementation of IPSAS was an integral part of public sector reforms and based on a global trend to respond to requests for increased financial accountability and transparency from government which reflect significant democratic values.This research focused on issues and benefits of implementing IPSAS on the consistency of financial reports by evaluating theoretical and past empirical studies in meeting the requirements for utility of decision. The IPSAS adoption review showed that international best practices were presented to government agencies, international intergovernmental organizations and international organisations. It stressed the advantages of good governance, accountability and transparency. Further analysis highlights Nigeria's problems during the time focusing on openness, accountability, comparability, and management and decision-making processes. The study concluded that Nigeria's IPSAS adoption driving forces were to align its operations with the financial year, meet the requirements of partners, attract donors and be competitively comparable with other international organizations.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/5284

INDIGENOUS ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FROM JOMPIE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF PAREPARE WHICH ISOLATED AT Pterospermum diversifolium | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Jompie Botanical Garden of Parepare is a regional botanical garden managed by the Center for Plant Conservation of the Botanic Gardens-Indonesian Institute of Sciences, the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, and the Government of the City of Parepare, South Sulawesi Province. Jompie Botanical Garden of Parepare has implemented five botanical garden functions, namely conservation, research, education, tourism, and environmental services. The master plan vegetation shows that found 90 species of plants that grow naturally and are planted by the government and the people of the city of Parepare, one of the native plants found are Pterospermuni diversivolium. In addition to various types of plants, there are also various kinds of microorganisms that have not been identified, one of which is a fungus that is capable of symbiosis with plant roots known as arbuscular mycorrhizae. The aim of the research was to determine the abundance and identify arbuscular mycorrhizal spores found in Pterospermuni diversivolium rhizosphere, using a sieve and wet techniques and staining method, which were carried out in Microbiology Laboratory, Research, and Development Center for Environment and Forestry in Makassar, Indonesia. The results showed that abundance of Glomus mycorrhizal spores, on average, 25 spores per 100 g of rhizosphere samples with morphological shapes of small spores, colored of brown to black, thin cell walls, visible hollow interior, have hyphae, smooth surface and spore diameter 136.8 - 198.5 µm. While the genus Acaulospora, has an average abundance of 21 spores per 100 g of rhizorfer samples with morphological forms of the small clear round, clear-colored, thick cell walls, surfaces appear nodules and spore diameters of 143 - 159 µm.

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COLONY INTERACTION OF ROT FUNGI CONSORTIUM TO ENRICH COCOA POD HUSK COMPOST | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 This study aimed to determine the interaction ability of four isolating from rot fungi from cocoa, such as Mycena spp., Lycoperdon spp., Tremella spp., and Pleurotus spp, beside as decomposer in agricultural waste. All fungal rot isolates were collected from decayed plants from cocoa crops. Rot fungi inoculated onto cocoa pot husk waste either as a single or as a consortium and then observed the characteristics of the compost produced. Colony interaction of rot fungi was examined using a key based on the observation of Potter in the 4 categories. Percentage decrease from the weight of compost, as one of the indications of degradation by rot fungi, was calculated by measuring the final weight minus early weights divided by early weight and then multiplied with 100%. The characteristics of the compost were done by observing the color, volume, mycelium formation, and the texture of the compost. Our results showed that 67% colony interaction of rot fungi was mutually intermingling growth. The highest decrease in the weight of cocoa pod husk compost was inoculated by Lycoperdon spp. As 0.0186 g/days in 10-20 days longed of fermentation. Whereas, in the consortium, the highest weights decreased with a combination of 3 types of rot fungi, Mycena spp., Tremella spp., and Pleurotus spp. Characteristics of cocoa-colored rind were white, grey- white, yellowish-white to blackish with volume ranges between 25 - 85%. The texture was a bit rough to smooth sticky or dusty. The compost, which inoculated by Pleurotus spp, showed the highest P2O5, N total, and K2O levels. This study showed that the rot fungi in the consortium could synergize and very promoting to degrade the cocoa pod husk into nutrient-rich compost.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SUGAR PALM (Arenga pinnata (WURMB) MERR.) AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH BRIX VALUE AND ELEVATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Sugar palm is a multipurpose tree species, which provides livelihoods for local people and food for other biotas in the landscape. This type of palm is known as the "tree of life" because all parts of the tree can be utilized and have a high economic value. The potential sugar produced is closely related to the characteristics and physiological activities of the plants. Characterization of stomata, trichomes, and chlorophyll showed specific characteristics that correlated with one another, and with Brix content and elevation. Significant correlations were shown in several stomata, trichomes, and chlorophyll parameters. From the three physiological characteristics, stomata and chlorophyll characteristics were significantly affecting Brix content and elevation. The width of the left stomata significantly correlated with elevation (0.4335), while the left tip chlorophyll was significantly correlated with Brix content (-0.44462). Overall, we concluded that some chlorophyll characteristics could be physiological indicators that specifically affect crop yields through environmental interaction in various weather conditions and elevations. In contrast, stomata characteristics can be used to improve the quality and quantity of plants in specific environmental conditions. However, more information on the physiological characteristics of a sugar palm tree is needed to modify physiological characteristics that can enhance growth and optimize crop yields in the future.

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AN UPDATE REVIEW OF MOROCCAN MEDICINAL PLANTS USED TO TREAT DIABETES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Traditional plants are used in Morocco to treat different diseases including diabetes mellitus.Diabetes is a serious health problem and a major cause of mortality.The purpose of this review consist to report all herbal medicines, their part used, the traditional uses, and the frequency of citation based on ethnobotanical studies finding in different regions of Morocco.Several databases including PubMed, Springer, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Hindawi, and Taylor & Francis are used to determine ethnobotanical medicinal plants used against diabetes.Results revealed the identification of 206 plants from 64 families belonging to several botanical families including Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae.Trigonella foenum-graecum, Olea europaea, Artemisia herba-alba, Citrullus colocynthis, Nerium oleander and Salvia officinalishave been reported with a highest percentage of frequency occurrence. Some of these plants presented an efficient in vitro andin vivohypoglycemic effect. Indeed, the antidiabetic mechanism of action is not full understood. However, the antidiabetic activities of luteolin, oleuropein, chlorogenic acid, and apigeninisolatedare nowstudied. These compounds induce the antidiabetic effect viathe inhibition of the PKB/AKT pathway, and PPARγ expression and the activation of AMPK and PI3K-GSK3 pathways. These molecules present a potential as an alternative compounds in diabetes therapeutic strategy and further studies should be performed to elaborate their effects in clinical trials.

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VARIATION IN WOOD COLOR AND PRIMER DESIGN OF 4CL COLOR-CODING GENE ON NYAMPLUNG (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Indonesia is a habitat of many wood species having various patterns and colors. Nyamplung is a tree which has several variations in its heartwood color due to its extractive contents. This research aimed to determine variation in heartwood color of Nyamplung and design specific primer of the 4CL gene, which can amplify the DNA of Nyamplung. The samples used in the study had different heartwood color level and were collected from Bojo village, Barru and Jennae village, Soppeng in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The wood color assay was determined based on the CIEL*a*b Color System, and molecular data were analyzed by electrophoregrams. The result showed that both samples had different level of wood color that could be observed with the naked eye. Meanwhile, primer design at first stage generated 12 primer combinations which were able to amplify Nyamplung DNAs, whereas, the second one generated five primer combinations. Therefore, The findings suggest performing an advanced examination on developing dominant and/or co-dominant markers that can be used as molecular markers for wood color on heartwood of Nyamplung.

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EXPLORATION OF ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS IN AREAS CONTAMINATED WITH HEAVY METAL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Environmental researchers have focused themselves on the use of an endomycorrhizal fungus that is able to adapt and are resistant to environments contaminated with heavy metals for Phytorhizoremediation activities. The aim of the study was to explore Endomycorrhizal fungus from areas contaminated with heavy metals to be used as starter biological agents in the phytorhizoremediation program. This research was carried out in two phases, i.e., rhizosphere sampling of Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Sumasang sp (local name) and Spathoglottis plicata at Sumasang I. Rhizosphere of Chromolaena odorata, Melastama affine and Nephrolepis exaltata at Sumasang II, Sorowako, Indonesia; While the other phase is isolating and identifying Endomycorrhizal spores in the Microbiology Laboratory, Research and Development Center for Environment and Forestry in Makassar, Indonesia. The results showed that three genera of endomycoriza were able to adapt and resistant in areas contaminated with Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, and Cu, i.e., 60.15% Acaulospora sp; 26.98% Gigaspora sp and 11.21% Glomus sp, which can be used as symbionts for endemic plants in the phytorhizore mediation program which is faster, cheaper and easier.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF Cinnamomum burmanii AGAINST DECREASED CHOLESTEROL LEVELS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 This study aims to determine the effect of consumption of Cinnamomum burmanii boiled water on reducing cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. This type of research is a quasi-experimental design with 2 groups with a comparison group. Samples were patients with hypercholesterolemia who had cholesterol levels> 200 mg/dl. The sample was divided into 2 groups: 16 patients in treatment groups who were given cinnamon boiled water as much as 250 ml/day for a week and 15 control groups without treatment. Cholesterol levels were measured before and after the study. Data analysis using Fisher's Exact test, Paired t-test, and Mann Whitney. The results showed there were differences in cholesterol levels between the groups given cinnamon cooking water and the control group (p <0.001) where the cholesterol levels of the groups given cinnamon decreased by 78 mg/dl (p <0.001) while those in the control group increased by 7 mg/dl (p = 0.219). The results showed that consumption of cinnamon cooking water could reduce cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

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THE ABILITY OF RHIZOSPHERE FUNGI ISOLATE OF MAHOGANY [Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.] IN DISSOLVING PHOSPHATE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of rhizosphere fungus isolates of mahogany stands in dissolving phosphate. Activities and types of microbes which can dissolve phosphate in mahogany plants are essential and needed to be known in order to obtain suitable microbial types to increase plant growth. This study was conducted for two months from March to May 2019 and analyzed in the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Tree Breeding at Faculty of Forestry Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. Rhizosphere microbes have important roles in nutrient cycling and during soil formation, plant growth, influencing microbial activity as well as biological control of root pathogens. Preparation of microbial culture, rejuvenation process and preparation of phosphate solubility test media were analyzed with the qualitative method by measuring the absorbance by using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer with 693 nm wavelength. The results of the rejuvenation of fungus isolates that were successfully grown were 27 isolates out of 28 isolates from genus Rhizopus, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma and Gliocladium. The highest phosphate concentration was the genus Glioclodium (MB 9.2) with a 6.65 ppm concentration value, while the lowest phosphate concentration was genus Glioclodium (MB 3) with -1.47 ppm concentration value. These isolates produce phosphorus that can be used by plants.

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BIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF SOUTH SULAWESI COMMUNITY WOODS AGAINST A WOOD DETERIORATION ORGANISM: MARINE BORER | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The objective of this study is to examine the natural resistance of marine borer group forests, namely Diospyros sp., Calophyllum inophyllum, Dillenia indica, Albizia falcataria (L) Fosberg, and Vitex cofasssus. A total of 30 samples, 5 cm x 5 cm x 30 cm in size, were prepared. Both samples were placed using a plastic strap and were submerged for 3 months in the sea at a depth of 3 m. By obtaining the attack strength and weight loss of the samples, the biological output of the wood samples was analysed at the end of the bioassay. The findings showed that all samples were targeted at different intensities by the marine borer, leading to different weight losses. D. In contrast with the other species, Indica showed the lowest attack strength and weight loss. By comparison, A. The highest attack strength and weight loss were shown by Falcataria (L) Fosberg. In conclusion, thus, D. Indica, as well as A. Compared to the other wood types, falcataria (L) Fosberg has the highest and lowest natural resistance to marine borer attack. Teredo navalis (Teredinidae) and Martesia striata Linn were the different forms of species attacking the samples (Pholadidae).

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5275