ANTI- INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI- MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Hybanthus enneaspermus MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The first paragraph is an introduction. Nanotechnology is an area of research and development that focuses on making 'things' on the scale of atoms and molecules, such as materials and devices. Green nanoparticle synthesis prevents the development and use of hazardous compounds, ensuring non-toxicity. The esterification of cinnamic acids produces chlorogenic acids, which are phenolic compounds. They have a wide variety of pharmacological properties. Our research focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus and the evaluation of their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In nanoscience, nanotechnology, and nanomedicine, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) play a significant role. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-antigenic, and anti-cancer properties have been discovered in AgNP.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties of silver nanoparticles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus.

Materials and Methods: The technique involves a green synthesis of Silver nano particles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus, accompanied by antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory studies. The diffusion approach will be used to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in antimicrobial activity. Diclofenac sodium is used as a standard for anti-inflammatory activity in various concentrations. The experiment was carried out three times.

Results: Silver nanoparticles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus showed a proportionate increase in antimicrobial and antioxidation activity with growing dose concentration.

Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus demonstrated strong antimicrobial and antioxidation activity, and they are considered to be excellent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5614

EFFECT OF COLLECTING SOURCE AND SOAKING IN HUMIC ACID OF PINE (Pinus brutia TEN.) SEEDS ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 This research was carried out in the Forest Department's nursery at the University of Mosul's College of Agriculture and Forestry, as well as in a green house, to investigate the effect of collecting pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) seeds from three regions in northern Iraq: Mosul (Nineveh Governorate), Zawita (Dohuk Governorate), and Koysinjak (Erbil Governorate) on the effect of soaking the seeds. The seeds were planted in the spring of 2018, the experiment lasted two years, and the results were obtained in the fall of 2019, using the correct full form of RCBD. The study's findings showed that there are major variations between the treatments, with seeds collected from Zawita and Koysinjaq area giving the best significant results in germination percentage and other seedling growth characteristics compared to seeds collected from Mosul, and soaking with humic acid giving the best results in germination percentage and other seedling growth characteristics.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5613

EVALUATION OF SALIVARY pH AND VIABILITY OF Streptococcus mutans AFTER CHEWING BETEL LEAVES – An in vivo STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: The stimulant, antiseptic, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of betel leaf have long been established in Indian traditional medicine. It has been used as an anti-caries agent in toothpastes and mouthwashes. Streptococcus mutans is the most common bacteria involved in caries pathogenesis.

The aim of this study is to see how chewing betel leaves affects salivary pH and the viability of Streptococcus mutans.

Materials and Methods: Before and after chewing betel leaves, 60 samples from 30 subjects were obtained. pH strips were used to determine the pH of the saliva. After that, saliva samples were diluted to a 1:160 ratio and streaked onto Mutans-Sanguis agar. The colonies were counted after the agar plates had been incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for MacOS, the data was then subjected to a Paired Sample T-Test (Version 21, 2020).

The number of colonies produced in the sample taken before chewing betel leaves was 41.90 on average, and 25.80 after chewing. (p=0.004; p0.05; statistically significant) Although the data was statistically insignificant, the average pH of the sample before chewing betel leaves was 5.995 and that of the sample after chewing betel leaves was 6.190. (p=0.081; p>0.05; statistically insignificant)

Conclusion: The bacterial colony count has decreased, suggesting that betel leaves have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. While the pH has risen slightly, the data remains statistically insignificant.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5612

IMPROVED COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP.) RHIZOBIUM TOLERATE TO DROUGHT AND SALINITY CONDITIONS USING CO-INCULATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The aim of the study was to see how applying a mixture inoculation, as well as its resistance to salinity and a lack of moisture, affected the growth of cowpea plants and their absorption of N, P, and K nutrients. After planting and growing cowpea plants for 60 days, they were harvested and dried at 70°C for 48 hours, and their dry weight was taken, then milled, sifted, and digested, and N, P, and K were measured, and the roots of the plant were separated using a light water current, and the number of root nodules for each plant was counted.

The findings revealed that:

1- In the cowpea plant, the mixed inoculation treatment (I7) increased dry weight, root nodule number, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations.

2- Rising salinity levels reduced the rate of dry weight, average root nodule amount, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentration in cowpea plants, and reducing moisture conditions had the same effect.

3- The mixed inoculation increased cowpea plant tolerance to salinity and drought conditions, resulting in increased N, P, and K absorption, as well as improved root nodule formation and increased dry weight.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5611

Symplocos racemosa BARK MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLES AND ITS ASSESSMENT OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 To make copper nanoparticles out of Lodhra bark and test their anti-inflammatory properties. Copper nanoparticles are antifungal and antibacterial agents that are extremely tiny. The copper free radicals then oxidise lipids in cell membranes, causing the membranes to degenerate. As a consequence of the degraded membranes, intracellular compounds leak out of cells, resulting in cell death. The local reaction of living mammalian tissues to injury is inflammation. It's a natural defence mechanism designed to stop or slow the spread of harmful agents. 1 g of freshly collected Lodhra bark is extracted and thoroughly mixed with 100 ml of distilled water, then boiled for 3 to 5 minutes in a heating mantle, filtered through filter paper, and held in a shaker. For nanoparticle synthesis, copper sulphate was combined with plant extract and kept in a shaker. Albumin denaturation assay was used to assess the anti-inflammatory function. The formation of copper nanoparticles mediated by lodhra bark was visually observed and conformed using UV visible spectroscopy. Copper nanoparticles at different concentrations have demonstrated dose-dependent inflammatory activity. In contrast to the regular 90 percent, a 50 micro lite inhibition shower has a maximum inhabitation of 81 percent. Copper nanoparticles mediated by Lodhra bark were found to be cost-effective and simple to make, with excellent anti-inflammatory properties. As a result, it will be useful in a variety of medical fields in the future.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5610

UTILIZATION OF PINEAPPLE LEAVES FOR PRODUCTION OF NANO CELLULOSE AND ITS APPLICATION ALONG WITH MAGNETIC CHITOSAN FOR EFFICIENT DYE ADSORPTION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The capabilities of a new cellulose – magnetic chitosan composite in terms of dye-adsorption and anti-bacterial action were explained in this report. Absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, absorption spectrum using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to discern the prepared composites. Methylene blue (MB) was used as a model contamination in dye adsorption experiments. The sorption of the composite was investigated both actively and thermodynamically in order to aid in the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The function of CT (Contact time) is analysed with initial values of temperature and concentration during the filtering of MB out of the aqueous-solution on the composite to check the impact of certain features. The Langmuir-adsorption model was also used to evaluate the thermodynamic parameters ▵H^o, ▵G^o, and ▵S^o. Negative-Gibbs free energy (▵G^o) signals the phenomenon of "adsorption with spontaneity," and the property of positive - adsorption enthalpy (▵H^o) indicates that the procedure is endothermic for the MB. The composite's antibacterial properties were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.1 g/mL. This research shows that prepared composite has the ability to act as a green adsorbent as well as an anti-microbial agent, and it offers a one-of-a-kind advantageous role.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5609

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Acalypha indica MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Nanoparticles are a fascinating field because they cross the gap between bulk materials and atomic structures. Nanoparticles may be made from a number of materials, including proteins, polysaccharides, and synthetic polymers, and the materials used are determined by the nanoparticle size, biocompatibility, and toxicity. Selenium nanoparticles have gotten a lot of attention because of their beneficial properties and bioactivities, such as lower toxicity than inorganic and organic forms, and they've become a popular option in nanoparticle research. Acalypha indica is a tropical annual herb with erect, sometimes simple-stemmed stems that has been recognised by locals as a valuable source of medicine for a range of therapeutic treatments. It has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cancer-fighting properties. Selenium nanoparticles, on the other hand, were appealing due to their properties.

Aim: To see whether selenium nanoparticles produced by A. indica have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Methodology: Antioxidant Profile by DPPH activity and Well diffusion method for antimicrobial activity were performed after the preparation of A.indica mediated Selenium nanoparticles.

A. indica mediated the results. Se nanoparticles have strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Conclusion: At high concentrations, Acalypha indica-mediated selenium nanoparticles have strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5608

EFFICIENT USE OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS THROUGH RICE STRAW COMPOST UTILIZATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Rice straw is one of the raw materials used to produce compost, which provides nutrients that plants and soil need. Rice straw compost will help you get more bang for your buck when it comes to inorganic fertilisers. Farmers would need advice on how to use a mixture of rice straw compost and inorganic fertiliser (NPK) in order to prevent a decline in rice production. The experiment was carried out in a pot with a 24 cm diameter and a 26 cm height. P0 (0 percent compost + 0 percent NPK), P1 (0 percent compost + 100 percent NPK), P2 (20 percent compost + 80 percent NPK), P3 (40 percent compost + 60 percent NPK), P4 (60 percent compost + 40 percent NPK), and P5 (80 percent compost + 20 percent NPK) were the rice straw compost and NPK combinations used in this analysis. The Ciherang variety of rice seeds were used in the analysis, which used a randomised block design. As a result of the rice straw compost and inorganic fertiliser, physical, chemical, and biological soil properties improve, as evidenced by lower soil bulk density, higher soil water quality, higher soil organic C content, and higher total soil microbes. Rice straw compost can minimise the use of inorganic fertilisers by 20-80% while retaining yields. Rice straw composting will also help to reduce exhaust emissions from burning straw and achieve environmentally sustainable rice farming.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5607

GREEN SYNTHESIS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF Adathoda vasica MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Introduction: Adhathoda vasica is a native plant that has a wide variety of disease-fighting properties. Copper nanoparticles have a number of advantages, including a high yield reaction. The combination of these two magnificent materials has the potential to improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function. The main aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the A. vasica plant extract using copper nanoparticles. Both have a unique property that, due to its supra additive effect, can produce an even more successful result.

Aim: To establish the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Copper nanoparticles mediated by A.vasica.

Materials and Methods: Adhatoda vasica is used to make copper nanoparticles. Following the synthesis, centrifugation was carried out for a few minutes. Following the process, the pellets were separated and chosen separately. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of copper nanoparticles mediated by A. vasica nanoparticles was then assessed using this method. A UV spectrophotometer was used to test anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.

The copper nanoparticles mediated by A. vasica have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Copper nanoparticles have a powerful catalytic capacity that can be used to treat inflammation. This plant extract is also used to treat chronic colds and coughs. The aim of this study was to find a better combination of copper nanoparticles regulated by A. vasica that would express its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions while also preventing disease.

Conclusion: This study found that copper nanoparticles mediated by A. vasica have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity at high concentrations close to those found in standard drugs.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5606

PROBABILITY BASED CLASSIFICATION METHOD FOR PLANT DISEASE DETECTION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Due to the sophistication of the input images, detecting diseases in plants is now a big image processing challenge. To date, researchers have developed a number of algorithms to assist in this endeavour. Pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification are all stages of plant disease detection. We used a textural feature-based technique in this analysis, after which the image was segmented and further classification was performed on the segmented images. The k-mean clustering algorithm is useful for segmenting images and grouping related data into clusters. We replaced the pre-existing SVM classifier with the nave bayes classifier to boost various parametric values such as accuracy, precision, and recall. We used MATLAB to execute our proposed work. In terms of accuracy, precision, and recall, our outcomes review outperforms current methods.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5605

GREEN SYNTHESIS, ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY OF Cardiospermum halicacabum MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Introduction: The implications of biosynthesis of nanomaterials to be incorporated with naturally accessible substances are being evaluated in recent developments in nano biomedicine, an evolving area of medicine. Green synthesis of Copper nanoparticles using plant compounds appears to be a promising method for drug production. This field of research has proved to be very cost effective and satisfactory. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum induced copper nanoparticles will be evaluated in this review.

The aim of this analysis was to determine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of copper nanoparticles mediated by C.halicacabum.

Materials and Methods: The approach involves a green synthesis of copper nanoparticles mediated by C.halicacabum, accompanied by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity studies.

Results: The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of the copper nanoparticle mediated by C.halicacabum increased proportionately with increasing dose concentration.

Conclusion: Copper nanoparticles' wide applicability in a variety of fields, including medicinal, mechanical, and electronic, has fueled research into copper nanoparticles that provide a more direct path of action and are more cost effective. As a result of their cost effectiveness and lack of toxicity, green methodologies have gained more interest and excitement so far. As a result, the properties have changed. Copper nanoparticles mediated by C. halicacabum showed important anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation activity, making them potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5604

ROLE OF BEETROOT AS A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTS: REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 The nutritional and biological importance of table beet root vegetables are discussed in this study. The beet's chemical, amino acid, mineral, and vitamin compositions are discussed. Betaine, saponins, folates, polyphenols, and flavonoids, among other biologically active compounds found in beets, are described. On the human body, the key pharmacological effects of beet intake have been reported. The preparation methods for food products containing beet processing products are listed.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5603

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING DRIED GINGER | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Inflammation is an immune system biochemical response that can be activated by a wide range of factors, including bacteria, damaged cells, and toxic compounds. The Zingiberaceae family includes ginger (Zingiber officinale). Ginger's phytochemistry is responsible for its health-promoting properties. Ginger is also said to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties that help to slow down the ageing process. It also has antimicrobial properties that can help in infectious disease treatment. Oxidative stress occurs when free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in excess of the biological system's antioxidant capacity throughout metabolism. The aim of this study is to see how effective copper nanoparticles are at reducing inflammation when they are combined with dried ginger. The Zingiber officinale was harvested, peeled, washed, and air dried in a shady spot, after which a plant extract was produced and copper nanoparticles were made. The synthesis of copper nanoparticles was monitored using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer on a regular basis. The inhibition of albumin denaturation assay test was used to assess anti-inflammatory activity, and the results revealed that dried ginger mediated copper nanoparticles had potent anti-inflammatory properties.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5602